BS PD CEN TR 13387-3-2015 Child use and care articles General safety guidelines Mechanical hazards《儿童保育品 通用安全指南 机械性危害》.pdf

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1、BSI Standards Publication PD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 Child use and care articles General safety guidelines Part 3: Mechanical hazardsPD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 13387-3:2015. Together with PD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015,

2、PD CEN/TR 13387-2:2015, PD CEN/TR 13387-4:2015 and PD CEN/TR 13387-5:2015, it supersedes PD CEN/TR 13387:2004, which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CW/1, Safety of child use and child care products. A list of organizations represented on th

3、is committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 87513 7

4、 ICS 97.190 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2015. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affectedTECHNICAL REPORT RA

5、PPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT C E N / T R 1 3 3 8 7 - 3 J u l y 2 0 1 5 ICS 97.190 Supersedes CEN/TR 13387:2004 English Version Child use and care articles - General safety guidelines - Mechanical hazards This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 8 December 2014. It has been drawn up by the

6、 Technical Committee CEN/TC 252. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, M

7、alta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015

8、CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 EPD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword .5 1 Scope 6 2 Mechanical hazards - Safety philosophy 6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4

9、 Accessibility of mechanical hazards .6 4.1 General 6 4.2 Accessibility areas 7 4.3 Product information.8 5 Entrapment hazards 9 5.1 Introduction 9 5.2 Entrapment of head and neck . 10 5.2.1 Rationale 10 5.2.2 Terms and definitions related to entrapment hazards 11 5.3 Requirements 12 5.4 Test equipm

10、ent . 12 5.4.1 Probe philosophy 12 5.4.2 Hip probe . 12 5.4.3 Small head probe 13 5.4.4 Large head probe 14 5.4.5 Template for partially bound and V shaped openings 15 5.4.6 Selection and use of probes 16 5.5 Test methodology . 17 5.5.1 Feet first openings 17 5.5.2 Head first openings 17 5.5.3 Parti

11、ally bound, V and irregular shaped openings 17 5.6 Entrapment of fingers 19 5.6.1 Rationale 19 5.6.2 Requirements 20 5.6.3 Test equipment . 20 5.6.4 Test Methodology . 21 5.7 Rationale for entrapment of limbs, feet and hands . 21 6 Hazards from moving parts . 22 6.1 Rationale 22 6.2 General . 22 6.3

12、 Shearing hazards 22 6.3.1 Requirements 22 6.3.2 Test equipment . 23 6.3.3 Test method . 23 6.4 Requirements for crushing hazards . 23 7 Hazards with products designed to fold for storage and transportation. 23 7.1 Rationale 23 7.2 Terms and definitions related to hazards with products designed to f

13、old . 23 7.3 Requirements 24 7.3.1 General . 24 7.3.2 Unintentional release of locking mechanisms 24 7.3.3 Test methodology . 24 PD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 (E) 3 8 Hazards related to attachment mechanisms and opening and closing systems . 24 8.1 Rationale. 24 8.2 Requirement . 25 8.3

14、 Test methodology 25 9 Entanglement hazards 25 9.1 Snagging hazards 25 9.1.1 Rationale. 25 9.1.2 Requirements . 25 9.1.3 Test Equipment 25 9.1.4 Test Methodology for loop and mass 27 9.2 Cords, ribbons and parts used as ties 28 9.2.1 Rationale. 28 9.2.2 Requirements . 28 9.2.3 Test methodology 29 9.

15、3 Loops 29 9.3.1 Rationale. 29 9.3.2 Requirements . 29 9.3.3 Test methodology 29 10 Choking hazards 30 10.1 Introduction 30 10.2 Hazard due to small components 30 10.2.1 Rationale. 30 10.2.2 Requirements . 30 10.2.3 Test equipment (also used in 11.2.3) . 31 10.2.4 Test methodology (also in 11.2.4) 3

16、3 10.3 Accessibility of filling materials . 34 10.3.1 Rationale. 34 10.3.2 Requirement . 34 10.3.3 Test equipment 34 10.3.4 Test methodology 35 10.4 Airway obstruction 36 10.4.1 Rationale. 36 10.4.2 Protective mechanisms of the airway . 38 10.4.3 Requirements . 38 10.4.4 Test equipment 38 10.4.5 Tes

17、t methodology 39 11 Suffocation hazards 39 11.1 Introduction 39 11.2 Plastic decals and sheeting . 40 11.2.1 Rationale. 40 11.2.2 Requirements . 40 11.2.3 Determination of hazard . 40 11.2.4 Test equipment 40 11.2.5 Test methodology 41 11.3 Non air-permeable packaging 41 11.3.1 Rationale. 41 11.3.2

18、Requirements - Packaging . 42 11.3.3 Test equipment 42 11.3.4 Test methodology 42 12 Ingestion hazards 42 12.1 Rationale. 42 12.2 Ingestion of small components . 43 12.2.1 Requirements . 43 12.2.2 Test equipment (Also used in 11.2.3) 43 12.2.3 Test methodology 45 PD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 CEN/TR 13387-

19、3:2015 (E) 4 13 Hazardous edges and projections 46 13.1 Introduction . 46 13.2 Edges . 46 13.2.1 Rationale 46 13.2.2 Requirements - Edges on products and components 46 13.2.3 Test methodology . 47 13.3 Rigid protruding parts 47 13.3.1 Rationale 47 13.3.2 Requirements 47 13.3.3 Test methodology . 47

20、13.4 Points and wires . 47 13.4.1 Rationale 47 13.4.2 Requirement 47 14 Structural integrity 47 14.1 Introduction . 47 14.2 Material suitability. 48 14.2.1 Rationale 48 14.2.2 Requirements 48 14.3 Strength and durability of the product . 49 14.3.1 Rationale 49 14.3.2 Requirements 49 14.3.3 Test meth

21、odology . 49 15 Protective function . 49 15.1 Introduction . 49 15.2 Barrier function . 49 15.2.1 Rationale 49 15.2.2 Requirements 50 15.2.3 Test equipment - Hip probe . 50 15.2.4 Test methodology . 51 15.3 Restraint systems . 51 15.3.1 Rationale 51 15.3.2 Terms and definitions related to restraint

22、systems 52 15.3.3 Requirements 52 15.3.4 Test equipment . 52 15.3.5 Test methodology . 53 15.4 Footholds . 54 15.4.1 Rationale 54 15.4.2 Requirements 54 15.4.3 Test equipment (Templates) 55 15.4.4 Determination of a foothold . 55 15.4.5 Test methodology . 57 16 Hazard associated with stability . 59

23、16.1 Rationale 59 16.2 General requirement . 59 Bibliography . 60 PD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 (E) 5 European foreword This document (CEN/TR 13387-3:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 252 “Child use and care articles”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Atten

24、tion is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TR 13387:2004. CEN/TR 13387 comprises the following five parts

25、: Part 1: Safety philosophy and safety assessment Part 2: Chemical hazards Part 3: Mechanical hazards Part 4: Thermal hazards Part 5: Product information CEN/TR 13387-3 should be used in conjunction with CEN/TR 13387-1. This new edition of this Technical Report is a hazard based Technical Report. In

26、 comparison with the previous version, the main changes related to the section on Mechanical hazards are: Ageing and wear: Reworded; Accessibility of mechanical hazards: Reworded; Entrapment Hazards: Addition of a new finger probe and a hip probe; Hazards from moving parts: Moving parts separated in

27、to two main areas; Entanglement hazards: Improvement of the diagram for the ball and chain test; clarification of the clause for “Cords, ribbons and parts used as ties; Suffocation hazards: Clarification of the clause for “Non air-permeable packaging”; Hazardous edges and projections: Drawings delet

28、ed; Protective function: Addition of a hip probe; Footholds: Reworded. PD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 (E) 6 1 Scope This Technical Report provides guidance information on mechnical hazards that should be taken into consideration when developing safety standards for child use and care art

29、icles. In addition, these guidelines can assist those with a general professional interest in child safety. 2 Mechanical hazards - Safety philosophy This clause addresses the most widely known mechanical hazards and is intended to provide guidance when drafting standards for child use and care artic

30、les. Anthropometric data and information on the abilities of children related to risks are given in Annex A of CEN/TR 13387-1:2015. When using these data for setting requirements, adequate safety margins should be considered. These data refer to static and not dynamic anthropometric data, therefore

31、care should be taken if using these data for anything other than static situations when drafting standards. When drafting standards, conditions of use should be considered, bearing in mind the behaviour of children. Also, it is to be considered whether the child is attended or unattended when using

32、the product and also the childs access to hazardous features. For each mechanical hazard a rationale is given, explaining the potential hazard to the child. Requirements, test equipment and test methods are also given. Where appropriate, these can be used when drafting standards. 3 Terms and definit

33、ions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions related to mechanical hazards apply. 3.1 mechanical hazards physical factors which may give rise to injury due to the mechanical properties of products/product parts 3.2 reach envelopes age related physical data on the reach

34、 limits of the limbs of children in different postures, see 4.2 3.3 ageing change of properties of the material due to exposure to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, UV radiation, cleaning agents etc 3.4 mechanical wear change of mechanical properties due to fatigue or repeated ope

35、ration of devices, mechanisms and other parts of the product 4 Accessibility of mechanical hazards 4.1 General Within the mechanical section no reference is made to specific areas of access, known as access zones. It would be wrong for this guidance document to specify exact areas of access as these

36、 should be determined in relation to the hazards and risks of individual products and risks when drafting the standard. As a general guidance to the types of contact associated with mechanical hazards, the following examples are given: PD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 (E) 7 the hazardous p

37、art is in reach of the child from the intended position of use in particular by head, mouth, hands or feet and there is a high probability for frequent, intensive and/or prolonged contact. Requirements need to address this primary contact; the hazardous part may be reached by the child or any other

38、child beyond the intended position of use. The product is considered to remain in its intended position(s). Access to hazardous parts is gained by passing/moving around the product or when proceeding to the intended position. The risk of harm deriving from frequent, intensive and/or pro-longed conta

39、ct may be less probable; the hazardous part exists, but cannot be reached by any child. Irrespective of the access category, the reasonably foreseeable conditions of use should always be considered when designing childrens products and/or writing product standards. 4.2 Accessibility areas Informatio

40、n for determination of accessibility areas in connection with age group is given in Table 1 and Figure 1. These reach envelopes are based on a computer simulation, therefore the dimensions should be treated with care. If in the future experiments with children are undertaken, these figures in the ta

41、ble may be determined more accurately. Table 1 Reach envelopes for guidance in the specification of accessibility areas in standards - anthropometric data related to Figure 1 Dimension (mm) Overhead Reach Overhead Reach on tiptoes Span Overhead Reach Sitting Arm Reach Buttock- Foot Lower Leg Length

42、Age group L1 L1 L2 L3 L4 R1 R2 0 to 6 months 760 - 660 550 250 300 150 6 to 12 months 880 960 770 610 290 380 190 12 to 36 months 1 160 1 260 1 020 770 420 550 275 36 to 48 months 1 270 1 370 1 070 810 460 630 315 All dimensions are based on P95 values. L1, L1, L2, L3, L4, have been assessed with th

43、e computer program ADAPS ( 79-93 TU-Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering). R1 = buttock - foot length (Annex A, Table 3). R2 = 0,5 x R1. PD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 (E) 8 79-93 TU-Delft University of Technology Faculty of Industrial Design Engineeri

44、ng Figure 1 Reach envelopes for determination of accessibility areas 4.3 Product information In order to ensure mechanical safety, the information for the carer should include appropriate instructions and warnings. For example: the need for restraint system and its adjustment; the opening and closin

45、g of products; the operation of safety locks for foldable parts; the method of attachment to fixed structures or to other products. Instructions should also inform the carer of the need to inspect the product regularly and also to use only replacement parts that are approved by the manufacturer/supp

46、lier. PD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 (E) 9 CEN/TR 13387-5:2015 “Product information“ gives detailed advice concerning the presentation of product information. 5 Entrapment hazards 5.1 Introduction To avoid entrapment of head, neck, fingers, feet, and hands, safety distances are recommend

47、ed in relation to the anthropometric data (see Annex A of CEN/TR 13387-1:2015) of the growing child. It is important to take into account the intended age and/or development level of the child. As a priority, those parts of a product which are accessible when a child is using the product as foreseea

48、ble should be considered. It may also be appropriate for gaps and openings beyond these accessible areas to be addressed. Gaps and openings which are inaccessible need not to be considered. However, V-shaped openings or V-shaped arrangements of structural members should be avoided. Important entrapm

49、ent hazards are: entrapment of the neck in situations where the child is incapable of raising its body weight to relieve the pressure (e.g.: crawling child on the outside of play pen, V shapes, etc.); entrapment of the neck in situations where the child slips through a gap feet first (e.g.: child slipping between bars/slats); entrapment of fingers, which may cause loss of blood supply to the tips. If it is possible to position a child use and care article next to other furniture or a wall and create an entrapment hazard be