ASTM D388 - 17 Standard Classification of Coals by Rank.pdf

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1、Designation: D388 17Standard Classification ofCoals by Rank1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the

2、year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard covers the classification of coals by rank,that is, according to their degree of metamorphism, or progres-sive alteration, in the natural series from lignite

3、 to anthracite.1.2 This classification is applicable to coals that are com-posed mainly of vitrinite.NOTE 1Coals rich in inertinite or liptinite (exinite), or both, cannot beproperly classified because, in those macerals, the properties that deter-mine rank (calorific value, volatile matter, and agg

4、lomerating character)differ greatly from those of vitrinite in the same coal. Often such coals canbe recognized by megascopic examination. In North America, these coalsare mostly nonbanded varieties that contain only a small proportion ofvitrain and consist mainly of attrital materials. The degree o

5、f metamor-phism of nonbanded and other vitrinite-poor coals can be estimated bydetermining the classification properties of isolated or concentratedvitrinite fractions, or by determining the reflectance of the vitrinite (seeTest Method D2798 and Appendix X1 of this classification). However, inthe us

6、e of these vitrinite-poor coals, some properties normally associatedwith rank, such as rheology, combustibility, hardness, and grindability (aswell as the rank determining properties) may differ substantially fromthose of vitrinite-rich coals of the same degree of metamorphism.The precision of the c

7、lassification of impure coal may beimpaired by the effect of large amounts of mineral matter onthe determination of volatile matter and calorific value, and ontheir calculation to the mineral-matter-free basis.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measure

8、ment are included in thisstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values stated in British thermal unitsper pound (Btu/lb) are to be regarded as the standard. The SIequivalents of Btu/lb are provided for information only and arenot considered standard.1.4

9、This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This internatio

10、nal standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Commit

11、tee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D121 Terminology of Coal and CokeD720 Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of CoalD1412 Test Method for Equilibrium Moisture of Coal at 96to 97 Percent Relative Humidity and 30 CD2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD2234/D2234M Practice

12、for Collection of a Gross Sampleof CoalD2798 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of theVitrinite Reflectance of CoalD3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and CokeD3173 Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and CokeD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of C

13、oaland Coke from CoalD3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the AnalysisSample of Coal and CokeD3302 Test Method for Total Moisture in CoalD4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombustionD4596 Practice for Collection of Channel Sampl

14、es of Coalin a MineD5016 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Coal and CokeCombustion Residues Using a High-Temperature TubeFurnace Combustion Method with Infrared AbsorptionD5192 Practice for Collection of Coal Samples from CoreD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCoke3. Terminology3.1

15、 Definitions:1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coaland Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.18 on Classificationof Coals.Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1934. Last previous edition approved i

16、n 2015 as D388 15. DOI: 10.1520/D0388-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Inter

17、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1 For additional definitions of terms used in thisclassification, refer to Terminology D121.3.1.2 agglomerating, adjas applied to coal, the propertyof softening when it is heated to above about 400 C in

18、 anonoxidizing atmosphere, and then appearing as a coherentmass after cooling to room temperature.3.1.3 apparent rank, nof coal, the rank designation ob-tained on samples other than channel samples or core sampleswith 100 % recovery, but otherwise conforming to proceduresof Classification D388.3.1.4

19、 coal seam, nthe stratum, layer, or bed of coal thatlies between two other rock layers whose compositions differsignificantly from that of coal.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 Where it is desired to abbreviate the designation of theranks of coal, the following abbreviations shall be used:mameta-anthracitean

20、anthracitesasemianthracitelvblow volatile bituminousmvbmedium volatile bituminoushvAbhigh volatile A bituminoushvBbhigh volatile B bituminoushvCbhigh volatile C bituminoussubAsubbituminous AsubBsubbituminous BsubCsubbituminous CligAlignite AligBlignite B3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 Descriptive Symbols (symbols

21、 used for describingquantities, all in lowercase, roman)ddry basisffree basis (e.g., mineral-matter-free and sulfur-trioxide-free)iminherent moisture basis3.3.2 Simple Quantity Symbols (calculated quantities withunits, all in upper case, italicized)Aash, %FCfixed carbon, %FSIfree swelling indexGCVgr

22、oss calorific value, Btu/lbIMinherent moisture, %MMmineral matter, %Stotal sulfur, %SO3:Asulfur trioxide in the ash, %SO3:Csulfur trioxide in the ash, expressed as a percentage ofthe coal, %VMvolatile matter, %3.3.3 Complex Quantity Symbols (simple quantity symbolswith roman subscripts)Adash, dry ba

23、sis (possibly sulfate-bearing), %Aimash, inherent-moisture basis, %Aim,SO3fash, inherent-moisture basis, sulfur-trioxide-freebasis, %FCdfixed carbon, dry basis, %FCd,MMffixed carbon, dry basis, mineral-matter-free basis, %FCimfixed carbon, inherent-moisture basis, %FCim,SO3ffixed carbon, inherent-mo

24、isture basis, sulfur-trioxide-free basis, %GCVdgross calorific value, dry basis, Btu/lbGCVimgross calorific value, inherent-moisture basis, Btu/lbGCVim,MMfgross calorific value, inherent-moisture basis,mineral-matter-free basis, Btu/lbMMd,SO3fmineral matter, dry basis, sulfur-trioxide-free basis,%MM

25、im,SO3fmineral matter, inherent-moisture basis, sulfur-trioxide-free basis, %Sdtotal sulfur, dry basis, %Simtotal sulfur, inherent-moisture basis, %SO3: Adsulfur trioxide in the ash, dry basis, %SO3:Cimsulfur trioxide in the ash, expressed as a percentageof the coal, inherent moisture basis, %VMdvol

26、atile matter, dry basis, %VMd,MMfvolatile matter, dry basis, mineral-matter-free basis,%VMimvolatile matter, inherent moisture basis, %4. Significance and Use4.1 This classification establishes categories of coal basedon gradational properties that depend principally on the degreeof metamorphism to

27、which the coal was subjected whileburied. These categories indicate ranges of physical andchemical characteristics that are useful in making broadestimates of the behavior of coal in mining, preparation, anduse.5. Basis of Classification5.1 Classification is according to fixed carbon and grosscalori

28、fic value (expressed in British thermal units per pound,Btu/lb) calculated to the mineral-matter-free basis. The higher-rank coals are classified according to fixed carbon on the drybasis; the lower-rank coals are classified according to grosscalorific value on the moist basis. Agglomerating charact

29、er isused to differentiate between certain adjacent groups.6. Classification by Rank6.1 Fixed Carbon and Gross Calorific ValueCoals shall beclassified by rank in accordance with Table 1. Classify coalshaving gross calorific values of 14 000 Btu/lb or more on theinherent-moisture, mineral-matter-free

30、 basis, and coals havingfixed carbon of 69 % or more on the dry, mineral-matter-freebasis, according to fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-freebasis. Classify coals having gross calorific values less than14 000 Btu/lb on the inherent-moisture, mineral-matter-freebasis according to gross calorif

31、ic value on the inherent-moisture, mineral-matter-free basis, provided the fixed carbonon the dry, mineral-matter-free basis is less than 69 %.6.2 Agglomerating CharacterClassify coals having 86 %or more fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis, ifagglomerating, in the low volatile group o

32、f the bituminousclass. Classify coals having gross calorific values in the rangefrom 10 500 to 11 500 Btu/lb on the inherent-moisture,mineral-matter-free basis according to their agglomeratingcharacter (Table 1).D388 1726.3 Supplemental InformationAcorrelation of the rankingproperty, volatile matter

33、 (100fixed carbon), with the mean-maximum reflectance of the vitrinite group macerals in coalstested in one laboratory over a period of several years is shownin Appendix X1.7. Sampling7.1 SamplesClassify a coal seam, or part of a coal seam,in any locality based on the average analysis and gross calo

34、rificvalue (and agglomerating character where required) of not lessthan three and preferably five or more whole seam samples,either face channels or cores, taken in different and uniformlydistributed localities, either within the same mine or closelyadjacent mines representing a continuous and compa

35、ct area notgreater than approximately 10 km2(4 square miles) in regionsof geological uniformity. In regions in which conditionsindicate that the coal probably varies rapidly in short distances,the spacing of sampling points and grouping of analyses toprovide average values shall not be such that coa

36、ls of obviouslydifferent rank will be used in calculating average values.7.1.1 Take channel samples by excluding mineral partingsmore than 1 cm (38 in.) and lenses or concretions (such assulfur balls) more than 1.25 cm (12 in.) thick and 5 cm (2 in.)wide, as specified in Practice D4596.7.1.2 A drill

37、 core sample may be used provided it wascollected as specified in Practice D5192 and meets the follow-ing provisions: core recovery is 100 % of the seam, the majormineral partings and concretions are excluded as specified in7.1.1, and drilling mud is removed from the core (see also7.1.6).7.1.3 Place

38、 all samples in metal or plastic cans with airtightlids, or heavy vapor impervious bags, properly sealed topreserve inherent moisture.7.1.4 Analyses of samples from outcrops or from weatheredor oxidized coal shall not be used for classification by rank.7.1.5 In case the coal is likely to be classifi

39、ed on the moistbasis, that is, inclusive of its natural complement of inherentmoisture, take samples in a manner most likely to preserveinherent moisture for purposes of analysis. Because some ofthe moisture in a freshly collected sample condenses on theinside of the sample container, weigh both the

40、 container andthe coal before and after air drying, and report the total loss inmass as air-drying loss.TABLE 1 Classification of Coals by RankAClass/GroupFCd,MMfLimits, % VMd,MMfLimits, %GCVim,MMfLimitsBAgglomeratingCharacterBtu/lb MJ/kgCEqual orGreaterThanLessThanGreaterThanEqual orLess ThanEqual

41、orGreaterThanLess ThanEqual orGreaterThanLess ThanAnthracitic:Meta-anthracite 98 . . 2 . . . .JAnthracite 92 98 2 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . non-agglomeratingSemianthraciteD86 92 8 14 . . . .Bituminous:Low volatile bituminous coal 78 86 14 22 . . . . . . . . . . . .6commonlyagglomeratingEMedium volat

42、ile bituminouscoal69 78 22 31 . . . .High volatile A bituminouscoal. . . 69 31 . . . 14 000F. . . 32.557 . . .High volatile B bituminouscoal. . . . 13000F14 000 30.232 32.557High volatile C bituminouscoal. . . .H11 500 13 000 26.743 30.23210 500 11 500 24.418 26.743 agglomeratingSubbituminous:Subbit

43、uminous A coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 500 11 500 24.418 26.7436Subbituminous B coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 500 10 500 22.09 24.418Subbituminous C coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 300 9 500 19.30 22.09non-agglomeratingLignitic:Lignite A . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 300 8 300 14.65 19.30Lignite B .

44、. . . . 6300 . 14.65AThis classification does not apply to certain coals, as discussed in Section 1.BRefers to coal containing its natural inherent moisture but not including visible water on the surface of the coal.CMegajoules per kilogram. To convert British thermal units per pound to megajoules p

45、er kilogram, multiply by 0.0023255.DIf agglomerating, classify in low volatile group of the bituminous class.EIt is recognized that there may be nonagglomerating varieties in these groups of the bituminous class, and that there are notable exceptions in the high volatile Cbituminous group.FCoals hav

46、ing 69 % or more fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis shall be classified according to fixed carbon, regardless of gross calorific value.D388 1737.1.6 If the sample is a core or if it is impossible to samplethe coal without including visible surface moisture, or if theremay be other re

47、asons to question the accuracy of inherentmoisture content determinable from the sample, and the coal islikely to be classified on the moist basis, the sampler shallinclude the following statement in the description: Moisturequestionable. Samples so marked shall not be used for classi-fication on a

48、moist basis unless brought to a standard conditionof moisture equilibrium at 30 C in a vacuum desiccatorcontaining a saturated solution of potassium sulfate (97 %humidity) as specified in Test Method D1412.Analyses of suchsamples that have been treated in this manner shall bedesignated as samples eq

49、uilibrated at 30 C and 97 % humid-ity.7.2 Other Types of SamplesAstandard rank determinationcannot be made unless samples have been obtained in accor-dance with 7.1. However, the relation to standard determina-tions may be usefully given for other types of samples takenunder unspecified conditions, providing the same standards ofanalysis and computation are followed. Designate these com-parative indications as apparent rank, which indicates thecorrect relative position for the sample analyzed but does notimply any stand