专业八级-130及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级-130 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING & ERRO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：30.00)For years, nonprofit hospitals have shied away from quantifying the amount of charitable care they provide communities. Hospital officials argue that it“s almost impossible to put a dollar value on ch

2、arity and doing so would take valuable 1 time and resources away from actually serving the need. 2 The charity question is significant because nonprofit hospitals get major tax breaks. Also, because of loopholes in state laws, nonprofit hospitals are often permitted to make huge profits. To complica

3、te things further, the 2005 Government Accountability 3 Office study concluded that, when it comes to charity care, the “differences between nonprofit and for-profit groups were often big.“ To make up for this, nonprofit hospitals tend to arrange deals 4 with city and state governments to provide “p

4、ayment in lieu of taxes“ (also known as PILOT programs). But for these payments 5 often don“t equate the hospitals“ overall tax benefit and are 6 perceived as acts of good faith to show that hospitals are playing nice with their communities. Recent economic downturns, therefore, have shined a 7 dete

5、ctive“s spotlight on the amount of charity care hospitals provide. Investigative reports have shown up in Atlanta, East Bay and Boston newspapers question charity care policies. The Boston 8 Globe report calculated that Boston“s “10 leading hospital companies benefited from an estimated $638 million

6、 in federal, state, and local tax breaks as well state discounts on borrowing in 9 2007, which accounts to $264 million more than the value of 10 care for the poor and other charity work.“（分数：30.00）三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Doctors baffled by an unexplained rash on people“s ears or cheeks should be

7、 on alert for a skin allergy caused too much 1 mobile phone use, the British Association of Dermatologists said. Citing published studies, a group said a red or itchy rash, known as 2 “mobile phone dermatitis (皮炎),“ effects people who develop an 3 allergic reaction to the nickel surface on mobile ph

8、ones after spending long periods of time on the devices. “It is worth doctors bear this condition in mind if they see a patient with a rash on the 4 cheek or ear that cannot otherwise be explained,“ it said. The British group said many doctors were aware mobile phones could 5 cause the condition. Sa

9、fety concern over mobile phones has grown as more people rely on it for everyday communication, although 6 the evidence to date has given the technology a clean bill of health when it comes to serious conditions like brain cancer. “In mobile phone dermatitis, the rash would typical occur on the chee

10、k or ear, 7 depending on the metal part of the phone comes into contact with 8 the skin,“ the group said in a statement. “In theory it could even occur on the fingers unless you spend a lot of time texting on metal 9 menu buttons.“ Nickel is a metal found in products, and ranging from mobile 10 phon

11、es to jewelry to belt buckles and is one of the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis, according to the Mayo Clinic in the United States.（分数：30.00）四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Congested cities are fast becoming test tubes for scientists studying the impact of traffic fumes on the brain. As

12、 roadways choke on traffic, researchers suspect that the tailpipe exhausted 1 from cars and trucksespecially tiny carbon particles already implicated heart disease, cancer and respiratory ailments-may 2 also injure brain cells the key to learning and memory. New 3 public-health studies and laborator

13、y experiments suggest that, at every stage of life, traffic fumes exact a measuring toll on mental 4 capacity, intelligence and emotional stability. Children in areas affected by high levels of emissions, on average, scored more poor on intelligence tests and were more 5 prone to depression, anxiety

14、 and attention problems than children growing in cleaner air, separate research teams in New York, 6 Boston, Beijing, and Krakow, Poland, found. And older men and women long exposing to higher levels of traffic-related particles 7 and ozone had memory and reasoning problems effectively added 8 five

15、years to her mental age, other university researchers in Boston 9 reported this year. The emissions may also height the risk of 10 Alzheimer“s disease and speed the effects of Parkinson“s disease. “The evidence is growing that air pollution can affect the brain,“ says medical epidemiologist Heather

16、Volk at USC“s Keck School of Medicine. “We may be starting to realize the effects are broader than we realized.“（分数：40.00）专业八级-130 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING & ERRO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：30.00)For years, nonprofit hospitals have shied away from quantifying the amount of c

17、haritable care they provide communities. Hospital officials argue that it“s almost impossible to put a dollar value on charity and doing so would take valuable 1 time and resources away from actually serving the need. 2 The charity question is significant because nonprofit hospitals get major tax br

18、eaks. Also, because of loopholes in state laws, nonprofit hospitals are often permitted to make huge profits. To complicate things further, the 2005 Government Accountability 3 Office study concluded that, when it comes to charity care, the “differences between nonprofit and for-profit groups were o

19、ften big.“ To make up for this, nonprofit hospitals tend to arrange deals 4 with city and state governments to provide “payment in lieu of taxes“ (also known as PILOT programs). But for these payments 5 often don“t equate the hospitals“ overall tax benefit and are 6 perceived as acts of good faith t

20、o show that hospitals are playing nice with their communities. Recent economic downturns, therefore, have shined a 7 detective“s spotlight on the amount of charity care hospitals provide. Investigative reports have shown up in Atlanta, East Bay and Boston newspapers question charity care policies. T

21、he Boston 8 Globe report calculated that Boston“s “10 leading hospital companies benefited from an estimated $638 million in federal, state, and local tax breaks as well state discounts on borrowing in 9 2007, which accounts to $264 million more than the value of 10 care for the poor and other chari

22、ty work.“（分数：30.00）解析：doingthat解析 语法错误。此处和前面的 that从句并列作 argue的宾语，that 在从句中不充当任何成分时，通常可以省略，但此处作为第二个分句的引导词不能省，故要加上一个 that，这样句子条理会更清晰，不容易引起歧义。解析：needneedy解析 词汇错误。need 为名词意为“需要”，用在此处不太适合，needy 作形容词意为“贫穷的”，the+a.，表示一类人，此处的意思是“穷人”。解析：thea解析 词汇错误。此处冠词修饰的 study为可数名 词，意为“研究”，在文中是第一次提及，故应该用不定冠词 a。解析：bigsmall解

23、析 语篇错误。由上文可知，非营利医院在慈善医疗方面做的很少，可以判断，此处要表达的意思是“在慈善医疗服务方面，非营利医院和营利医院之间的差别很小。”故应该把 big改为small。解析：for for 解析 词汇错误。but for 为固定搭配，意为“要不是”，后面接名词或短语，此处是一个完整的句子，故应该去掉 for。解析：equateequal解析 词汇错误。equate 表示为“同等看待”，equal 作动词意为“等于，与相等”，此处要表达的意思是“但是这些付款不等于医院总的税收收益”，故应该用 equal符合上下文语境。解析：thereforehowever解析 语篇错误。上文已经提到

24、非营利医院一直避开量化他们为社区提供的慈善医疗服务，本句则说近期的经济萧条使“侦探”的眼光聚焦到医院所提供的慈善医疗服务量上，前后形成对照，故此处应改用表示转折关系的 however。解析：questionquestioning解析 语法错误。此处 question应该作动词，但此句前面已经出现了谓语 have shown up，故 question只能是非谓语形式，由于它与主语 reports之间是主动的关系，故用现在分词形式，作伴随状语，意为“质询，对提出疑问”。解析：wellas解析 词汇错误。as well 为副词短语，意为“一样，也”，相当于 too，通常放在句末，as well a

25、s 为介词短语，意为“和一样”，后面接名词、代词、动名词等，此处后面接了名词短语 state discounts，故应该用 as well as，意为“2007 年十大医院享受的联邦、州和地方减税优惠额和州贷款折扣预计 6.38亿美元。”解析：accountsamounts解析 词汇错误。此处考查形近词的辨析。amount to 表示“合计”，此处后接金钱数额，符合语义。account 作动词时意为“看做；解释”，放在此处解释不通。三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Doctors baffled by an unexplained rash on people“s ears

26、 or cheeks should be on alert for a skin allergy caused too much 1 mobile phone use, the British Association of Dermatologists said. Citing published studies, a group said a red or itchy rash, known as 2 “mobile phone dermatitis (皮炎),“ effects people who develop an 3 allergic reaction to the nickel

27、surface on mobile phones after spending long periods of time on the devices. “It is worth doctors bear this condition in mind if they see a patient with a rash on the 4 cheek or ear that cannot otherwise be explained,“ it said. The British group said many doctors were aware mobile phones could 5 cau

28、se the condition. Safety concern over mobile phones has grown as more people rely on it for everyday communication, although 6 the evidence to date has given the technology a clean bill of health when it comes to serious conditions like brain cancer. “In mobile phone dermatitis, the rash would typic

29、al occur on the cheek or ear, 7 depending on the metal part of the phone comes into contact with 8 the skin,“ the group said in a statement. “In theory it could even occur on the fingers unless you spend a lot of time texting on metal 9 menu buttons.“ Nickel is a metal found in products, and ranging

30、 from mobile 10 phones to jewelry to belt buckles and is one of the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis, according to the Mayo Clinic in the United States.（分数：30.00）解析：causedby解析 语法错误。本句前半部分提及“医生们在发现患者耳部或两颊出现无法解释其原因的皮疹时应当注意皮肤过敏”，接下来出现的 caused一词不是谓语，而是过去分词作后置定语修饰 skin allergy，表示被动，cause

31、d 这一动作的执行者应该是后面的 too much mobile phone use(过度使用手机)，故此处应加介词 by。解析：a(group)the解析 词汇错误。此处的 group应该是指上句刚刚提到的 the British Association of Dermatologists(英国皮肤科医师协会)，所以这里是特指，用定冠词 the。解析：effectsaffects解析 词汇错误。易混词误用。effect 与 affect两者都可表示“影响”，但effect只有作名词的时候才表示“影响”，作动词的时候意思是“使发生，引起”，而 affect仅作动词使用，意为“影响，感染，使感动

32、”。此处作谓语，故应用动词 affects。解析：bearbearing解析 词汇错误。it is worth doing 是固定句型，表示“做某事是值得的”，故应将 bear改成 bearing，这里表示“医生们值得记住的是”。解析：awareunaware解析 语篇错误。aware 后面提到“手机能造成这一情况(即前文提到的皮肤过敏)”，根据上下文语境，医生正是对这一情况不了解，所以本文才在此处讨论英国皮肤科医师协会的最新发现，也提醒医生们要多注意这种情况，故将 aware改成 unaware，表示“许多医生对这一情况并不了解”。解析：itthem解析 词汇错误。本句表示“随着越来越多的人

33、依靠它们进行日常通讯，手机安全问题日益受到关注。”这里的 it指代的是前面的 mobile phones，故应改成复数 them。解析：typicaltypically解析 语法错误。typical 是形容词，这里用来修饰后面的动词 occur不合适，应该改为副词 typically，表示“患手机皮炎者，其皮疹通常出现在脸颊或耳部”。解析：the metalwhere解析 语法错误。depending on 是一个动词词组，其后是一个完整的句子，作 depending on的宾语，意思是“手机的金属部件与皮肤接触的地方”，表示“的地方”应该用where引导。解析：unlessif解析 语篇错误

34、。本句前半部分说“从理论上讲，皮疹甚至会出现在手指上”，后半部分说“除非你长时间敲击(手机的)金属菜单按键发信息”，很显然本句语义逻辑不通，此处后面的动作是主句动作发生的条件，故应改成表示条件的 if。解析：and and 解析 语法错误。ranging from.to 这个词组放在此处是伴随状语，修饰前面的nickel，整句表示“镍这种金属存在于各种产品中，从手机、珠宝首饰到皮带扣中都有”，当动词的现在分词作伴随状语时，不需要连词 and连接，故删掉。四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Congested cities are fast becoming test tube

35、s for scientists studying the impact of traffic fumes on the brain. As roadways choke on traffic, researchers suspect that the tailpipe exhausted 1 from cars and trucksespecially tiny carbon particles already implicated heart disease, cancer and respiratory ailments-may 2 also injure brain cells the

36、 key to learning and memory. New 3 public-health studies and laboratory experiments suggest that, at every stage of life, traffic fumes exact a measuring toll on mental 4 capacity, intelligence and emotional stability. Children in areas affected by high levels of emissions, on average, scored more p

37、oor on intelligence tests and were more 5 prone to depression, anxiety and attention problems than children growing in cleaner air, separate research teams in New York, 6 Boston, Beijing, and Krakow, Poland, found. And older men and women long exposing to higher levels of traffic-related particles 7

38、 and ozone had memory and reasoning problems effectively added 8 five years to her mental age, other university researchers in Boston 9 reported this year. The emissions may also height the risk of 10 Alzheimer“s disease and speed the effects of Parkinson“s disease. “The evidence is growing that air

39、 pollution can affect the brain,“ says medical epidemiologist Heather Volk at USC“s Keck School of Medicine. “We may be starting to realize the effects are broader than we realized.“（分数：40.00）解析：exhaustedexhaust解析 词汇错误。exhaust 作动词表示“耗尽，使疲惫”，作名词表示“废气”。exhausted 可以作为过去分词放在 tailpipe(排气管)之后充当后置定语，但表示的含义

40、与上下文不符，故应改为名词 exhaust，表示“从轿车和卡车排气管所释放的废气”。解析：implicatedin解析 语法错误。implicated 在此处作后置定语修饰前面的 carbon particles，意思是“特别是已经被证明会造成心脏病、癌症和呼吸道疾病的碳微粒”。根据上下文可知implicate在此处表示“牵连，涉及”，当表示这个含义时，通常与介词 in搭配，表示“涉及到”。解析：the the 解析 词汇错误。本句意为“研究人员怀疑，各类轿车和卡车释放的尾气可能还会伤害对学习和记忆起关键作用的脑细胞”，此处 key不是名词，而是形容词作后置定语修饰前面的 brain cell

41、s,意思是“关键的”，因此此处应删掉定冠词 the。解析：measuringmeasurable解析 词汇错误。measuring 表示“测量的”，本句是说“实验表明，在生命的每个阶段，汽车废气都会对人的心智能力、智力和情感稳定状况造成一定程度的损害。”所以与“测量”无关，应该用形容词 measurable表示“可测量的，相当的，重大的”。解析：poorpoorly解析 语法错误。此处 poor。是用来修饰 scored，而根据上下文可知，scored 在此处是动词，表示“得分”，因此应该改用副词 poorly修饰动词。解析：growingup解析 词汇错误。grow up 为固定搭配，表示“

42、成长，长大”，常与人搭配，此处意为“生长于较干净空气环境下的儿童”。grow 单独用时也可表示“生长，发育”，不过主要是指动植物。解析：exposingexposed解析 词汇错误。be exposed to 是固定用法，表示“暴露于”，此处作后置定语，修饰 older men and women，直接用过去分词短语就行，故应该把 exposing改成 exposed。解析：addedthat/which 或 addedadding解析 语法错误。本句是定语从句，先行词 memory and reasoning problems在定语从句中充当主语，故关系代词不能省略，应加上 that或 which。另外也可以把 added改成 adding，作后置定语修饰 problems。解析：hertheir解析 语法错误。此处指代的是本句的主语 older men and women，故应改为表示复数意义的人称代词 their。解析：heightheighten解析 词汇错误。此处 height在句中作谓语，应该用其动词形式 heighten，意思是“汽车废气也可能增加患老年痴呆症(Alzheimer“s disease)的风险，并加快帕金森氏症(Parkinson“s disease)的恶化。”