雅思阅读十大领域之科技篇及答案解析.doc

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1、雅思阅读十大领域之科技篇及答案解析(总分：99.99，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part English-Chine(总题数：13，分数：13.00)1.geopolitical event（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_2.geographical chart（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_mercial pressures（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_4.logical analysis（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_5.cope with（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_6.linguistic structure（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_7.leave behind（分数：1.0

2、0）填空项 1:_8.short-cut（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_9.traffic congestion（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_10.in comparison with.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_11.reaction time（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.a forthcoming issue（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.automobile accidents（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、Part Matching(总题数：2，分数：10.00)a. boundaryb. concerningc. terraind. violencee. il

3、lustrate（分数：5.00）(1).depict（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).landscape（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).tremendous force（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).frontier（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).as to（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_a. each yearb. jamc. importantd. carry oute. response（分数：5.00）(1).fatal（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).annually（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).congestion（分数：1.00）填

4、空项 1:_(4).reaction（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).implement（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Part essay questio(总题数：10，分数：20.00)14.Read Paragraph A and try to find the event happened about Google maps.（分数：2.00）_15.Read Paragraph B and try to find whether the event in Paragraph A leads to the unpopularity of commercial maps.（分数

5、：2.00）_16.Read Paragraph D and try to find the negative effects web-based cartography produced.（分数：2.00）_17.Read Paragraph M and try to find the reason why some people say that commercial maps are equally important as their official counterparts.（分数：2.00）_18.What is the meaning of grand challenges i

6、n Paragraph B?（分数：2.00）_19.What are the problems for computer mentioned in paragraphs E and F?（分数：2.00）_20.What is the result of the competition between computers and humans according to Oren Etzioni?（分数：2.00）_21.What do you think is the main idea of this passage when you see the title?（分数：2.00）_22.

7、What do you think when you see the figures in Paragraph B?（分数：2.00）_23.What are the problems Sheldon Jacobson have during the research?（分数：2.00）_四、Part Actual Test(总题数：3，分数：57.00)You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.You Are Here: How Digita

8、l Maps Are Changing the Landscape of the 21st CenturyA Buried beneath Novembers headlines depicting rising tensions on the Korean Peninsula, European economic woes, and the disclosure of confidential State Department cables, a meaningful geopolitical event went largely overlooked: Nicaragua invaded

9、Costa Rica. There was no shooting war and the incident involved only a small swath of disputed territory along the San Juan River, part of which divides the two nations. But a Nicaraguan commander added an interesting wrinkle to the narrative when he dragged an unlikely culprit into the dispute: Goo

10、gle. The commander cited Google Maps, which had erroneously depicted a stretch of the border in Nicaraguas favour by as much as 1.7 miles. Google quickly moved to amend the faulty border data and sportingly apologised.B The incident raises some interesting issues concerning the future of mapmaking t

11、hat, thus far, our brave new digital world hasnt yet been forced to confront. Whereas cartographyparticularly the act (or the art) of drawing political lines on geographical chartsused to be the purview of nations and international bodies, commercial entities like Google, Bing, Mapquest, and other d

12、igital services are the principal mapmakers of the 21st century.C Orbiting GeoEye satellites and camera-equipped Google sedans are the Magellans of the digital age, dispatched to explore and catalogueand most importantly make publicunprecedented amounts of geographical data via the Web. If anyone wa

13、nts to locate anythingbe it a coffee house, a post office, or an international boundary users log into Google or Bing, not the U.N. or the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). But these commercial maps are compiled from a variety of sources and often blend government-derived mapping data with user-generat

14、ed content. As such, they are subject to conflicting information, differences of political opinion andas the Nicaraguan incident showsoutright error.D With a lot of these web-based tools, the need for formal training in cartography is going away, and thats both a good thing and a bad thing, says Dr.

15、 Brian Tomaszewski, an assistant professor in the Department of Information Sciences people find borders by looking at maps, and in the 21st century people consult maps by opening their Web browsers.G We look at the computer and say “how can it be wrong, its on the computer“, says Dr. Frank Galgano,

16、 professor and chairman of Villanova Universitys Geography and the Environment Department. Its to the computer that the world increasingly turns to find just about everything, lending digital mapmakers incredible power to shape users geospatial perceptions.H Whats largely missing is the healthy skep

17、ticism that users apply to other piecemeal compendia of information like Wikipedia, Galgano says. Google knows its maps contain errors; it says so in the user agreement (you read that closely, didnt you?). For those people searching for the nearest Starbucks in Manhattan these errors are largely neg

18、ligible. But for an American hiking near the Iranian border, they can lead to miscalculations with serious consequences.I People are forgetting to use common sense and critical thinking, Tomaszewski says. Google Maps isnt an official mapping agency like a government. They buy or acquire data and the

19、n assemble it into a map. Its almost frightening to think that militaries or governments might rely on Google as the final word on boundaries or borders between nations.J But there are a variety of reasons why a government or military might do so, not least of which is the lack of anything better. I

20、n the United States, the USGS maintains an extensive collection of publicly available map data accurate down to about 130 feet. Many other nations treat their official maps as state secrets. Still others dont have the resources to produce accurate maps at all. That makes commercial, publicly availab

21、le maps like Googles very attractive, if not any more authoritative.K Why Nicaragua chose to use a Google Map to justify military actions along a tense border is something for the geopolicy wonks to debate. Regardless, the incident embodies the changing nature and impact of cartography in a rapidly

22、digitising environment. After all, borders are nothing more than imaginary lines enforced by mutual agreement. Cartography is inexact enough already, and the blurring line between official cartography and commercial maps rich in content but low in complexity further compounds that lack of concretene

23、ss.L Thats not to say commercial maps dont carry tremendous value. Their accessibility has revolutionised the way people use maps, particularly as they pertain to commerce. The economic importance of being on the map may not be outwardly apparent, but consider the case of Sunrise, Fla.; the communit

24、y of 90,000 has inexplicably disappeared from Google Maps three times since August of last year. During these blackouts, local businesses reported flattening commerce as new customers couldnt locate them. Online orders ground to a halt for some businesses. After all, how would anyone find a florist

25、or automotive shop thats not searchable? When Sunrise disappeared from Google Maps, it might as well have disappeared completely.M So what makes a real map in the 21st century? Some would argue that the musty old analogue maps tucked into national archives around the world are still the real deal, i

26、nvested with the authority of governments. But if asked which is more important to their everyday lives, the citizens of Sunrise, Fla., might argue that commercial maps, regardless of inaccuracies or oversimplifications, represent a far greater social and economic utility. To the average person, com

27、mercial maps like those compiled by Google, Bing, or Yahoo have become at least as equally important as their official counterparts.（分数：13.00）(1).Reading Passage 1 has thirteen paragraphs, A-M. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-M, in boxes on your answer

28、 sheet. the description that maps have commercial values（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).the comparison between paper maps and commercial maps（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).the effects the mistaken information on maps has on different people（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).the examples of organisations who provide map-related informati

29、on（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).the explanation that Google gives to the Nicaragua affair（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).the idea about the over-dependence on computers（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the st

30、atement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement disagrees with the information FALSE if there is no information on this The reason why Nicaragua invaded Costa Rica is that Google provides mistaken information about their territory.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).Google collects geographical data by G

31、eoEye.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(9).More people choose web pages like Google to search out places rather than some official organisations.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(10).Web-related tools can only bring about troubles to people.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(11).People still say Yes to Googles mistaken data because it is unlikely for

32、 them to read the 150- year-old treaty.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(12).People depend on computers much more than they can imagine.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(13).The popularity of commercial maps is due to the invisibility of official maps.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_The Difference Engine: The Answering MachineA It was not quite a f

33、oregone conclusion, but all the smart money was on the machine. Since the first rehearsal over a year ago, it had become apparent that Watsona supercomputer built by IBM to decode tricky questions posed in English and answer them correctly within secondswould trounce the smartest of human challenger

34、s. And so it did earlier this week, following a three-day contest against the two most successful human champions of all time on Jeopardy!, a popular quiz game aired on American television. By the end of the contest, Watson had accumulated over $77,000 in winnings, compared with $24,000 and $21,600

35、for the two human champions. IBM donated the $1m in special prize money to charity, while the two human contestants gave half their runner-up awards away.B IBM has a long tradition of setting grand challenges for itselfas a way of driving internal research and innovation as well as demonstrating its

36、 technical smarts to the outside world. A previous challenge was the chess match staged in 1997 between IBMs Deep Blue supercomputer and the then world champion, Garry Kasparov. As shocking as it seemed at the time, a computer capable of beating the best chess-player in the world proved only that th

37、e machine had enough computational horsepower to perform the rapid logical analysis needed to cope with the combinatorial explosion of moves and counter-moves. In no way did it demonstrate that Deep Blue was doing something even vaguely intelligent.C Even so, defeating a grandmaster at chess was chi

38、lds play compared with challenging a quiz show famous for offering clues laden with ambiguity, irony, wit and double meaning as well as riddles and punsthings that humans find tricky enough to fathom, let alone answer. Getting a mere number-cruncher to do so had long been thought impossible. The abi

39、lity to parse the nested structure of language to extract context and meaning, and then use such concepts to create other linguistic structures, is what human intelligence is supposed to be all about.D Four years in the making, Watson is the brainchild of David Ferrucci, head of the DeepQA project a

40、t IBMs research centre in Yorktown Heights, New York. Dr. Ferrucci and his team have been using search, semantics and natural-language processing technologies to improve the way computers handle questions and answers in plain English. That is easier said than done. In parsing a question, a computer

41、has to decide what is the verb, the subject, the object, the preposition as well as the object of the preposition. It must disambiguate words with multiple meanings, by taking into account any context it can recognise. When people talk among themselves, they bring so much contextual awareness to the

42、 conversation that answers become obvious. The computer struggles with that, says Dr. Ferrucci.E Another problem for the computer is copying the facility the human brain has to use experiencebased short-cuts (heuristics) to perform tasks. Computers have to do this using lengthy step-by-step procedur

43、es (algorithms). According to Dr. Ferrucci, it would take two hours for one of the fastest processors to answer a simple natural-language question. To stand any chance of winning, contestants on Jeopardy! have to hit the buzzer with a correct answer within three seconds. For that reason, Watson was

44、endowed with no fewer than 2,880 Power 750 chips spread over 90 servers. Flat out, the machine can perform 80 trillion calculations a second. For comparisons sake, a modern PC can manage around 100 billion calculations a second.F For the contest, Watson had to rely entirely on its own resources. That meant no searching the Internet for answers or asking humans for help. Instead, it used more than 100 different algorithms to parse the natural-language questions and interrogate the 15 trillion bytes of trivia stored in i