职称英语(卫生类)2及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语(卫生类)2 及答案解析(总分：-22.07，做题时间：120 分钟)1.Is the clock in the tower (accurate)?（分数：-1.00）A.correctB.newC.oldD.wrong2.Why didnt you (show up) at the meeting yesterday?（分数：-1.00）A.comeB.presentC.turn upD.show around3.The machine must be operated (by hand). It isnt automatic.（分数：-1.00）A.mentallyB.annual

2、lyC.manuallyD.heavily4.Icy roads and poor visibility are familiar (hazards) in the Midwest.（分数：-1.00）A.chargesB.conditionsC.weatherD.dangers5.The technicians (conducted) investigations before they put forward the suggestions at the meeting.（分数：-1.00）A.madeB.directedC.guidedD.controlled6.Professor Cl

3、ark continued his research work and (disregarded) his colleagues advice.（分数：-1.00）A.ignoredB.exploredC.realizedD.recognized7.The college offers courses in a variety of (trades).（分数：-1.00）A.businessB.firmC.workD.occupation8.Some insects rely on the tiny hairs scattered over their bodies to (sense) so

4、und waves.（分数：-1.00）A.convertB.disguiseC.sendD.detect9.The development of the transistor and integrated circuits revolutionized the electronics industry by allowing components to be packaged more (densely).（分数：-1.00）A.compactlyB.inexpensivelyC.quicklyD.carefully10.She (longed) to be envied and sough

5、t after.（分数：-1.00）A.hopedB.wantedC.was eagerD.wished11.The town is (famous) for its magnificent church towers.（分数：-1.00）A.knownB.contemporaryC.specializedD.specified12.Mary (seldom) buys ice-cream.（分数：-1.00）A.alwaysB.neverC.usuallyD.hardly ever13.Its hard to (alter) ones habits.（分数：-1.00）A.changeB.d

6、evelopC.shortenD.enlarge14.The boy was seriously (wounded) in the accident.（分数：-1.00）A.damagedB.injuredC.destroyedD.devastated15.The short stories of Katherine Mansfield demonstrate her keen perceptions of human (character).（分数：-1.00）A.natureB.statusC.comedyD.appetiteInterferon For several years, sc

7、ientists have been testing a substance called interferon (干扰素),a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to

8、 discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world. The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species.

9、In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small. Unlike antibiotics(抗菌素), interferon does not att

10、ack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevents the multiplication of viruses within cells. As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, research physician at Swedens famous Karo

11、linska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical procedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatments and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate over a three-year p

12、eriod was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments. In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, in

13、terferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time. （分数：-0.98）(1).Antibiotics kill germs by attacking them directly, while interferon does not.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(2).The effect interferon has on infection is that it keeps healthy cells from becoming infecte

14、d.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(3).Interferon is produced by infecting viruses, bacteria, and tumors with a drug.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(4).Interferon has not been widely used because it is still very dangerous.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(5).The result of Dr. St

15、randers experiments with interferon is that 70 percent among patients who were treated with interferon survived.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(6).21 Interferon causes healthy cells to grow.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(7).Interferon has serious side effects, whereas antibiotics do

16、 not.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not MentionedMore Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego fo

17、und that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling re

18、freshed after a nights sleep than 8-hour sleepers. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that“ it might be a good idea“ for people

19、 who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleepfor instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitual

20、ly sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the Week and whether they expe

21、rienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely

22、to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. “ It stands to

23、 reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they11 spend a higher percentage of time awake, “he said. A. Keprikes research tool B. Dangers of Habitual shortages of sleep C. Criticism on Kripkes report D. A way of overcoming insomnia E. Sleep problems of long and short sleepers （分数：-

24、1.04）(1).Paragraph 2（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(2).Paragraph 4（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 5（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraph 6（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(5).To get a good nights rest, people may not need to_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.F.(6).Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(7).One of

25、the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(8).One survey showed that people who habitually_ each night have a higher risk of dying.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.On Antibodies Substances foreign to the body, such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses and other infect

26、ious agents, are recognized by the body s immune system as invaders. Our natural defenses against these infectious agents are antibodies, proteins that seek out the antigens (抗原) and help destroy them. Antibodies have two very useful characteristics. First, they are extremely specific; that is, each

27、 antibody binds to and attacks one particular antigen. Second, some antibodies, once activated by the occurrence of a disease, continue to confer resistance against that disease. Classic example are the antibodies to the childhood diseases of chickenpox(水痘) and measles. The second characteristic of

28、antibodies makes it possible to develop vaccines. A vaccine (痘苗) is a preparation of killed or weakened bacteria or viruses that, when introduced into the body, stimulates the production of antibodies against the antigens it contains. It is the first trait of antibodies, their specificity, that make

29、s monoclonal antibody technology so valuable. Not only can antibodies be used therapeutically(在治疗上), to protect against disease; they can also help to .diagnose a wide variety of illnesses, and can detect the presence of drugs, viral and bacterial products, and other unusual or abnormal substances i

30、n the blood. Given such a diversity of uses for these diseased-fighting substances, their production in pure quantities has long been the focus of scientific investigation. The conventional method was to inject a laboratory animal with an antigen and then, after antibodies had been formed, collect t

31、hose antibodies from the blood serum(血清) (Antibody containing blood serum is called antiserum (抗血清). There are two problems with this method: It yields antiserum that contains undesired substances, and it provides a very small amount of usable antibody. Monoclonal antibody technology allows us to pr

32、oduce large amounts of pure antibodies. in the following way: we can obtain cells that produce antibodies naturally; we also have available a class of cells that can grow continually in cell culture (培养). If we form a hybrid (混血儿) that combines the characteristic of “immortality“(永生)with the ability

33、 to produce the desired substance, we would have, in effect, a factory to produce antibodies that work around the clock. In monoclonal antibody technology, tumor cells that can replicate (重复) endlessly are fused with mammalian cells that produce an antibody. The result of this cell fusion is a “hybr

34、idoma“ (杂交瘤), which will continually produce antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal because they come from only one type of cell, the hybridoma cell; antibodies produced by conventional methods, on the other hand, are derived from preparations containing many kinds of cells, and hence ar

35、e called polyclonal. An example of how monoclonal antibodies are derived is described below. A myeloma is a tumor of the bone marrow (骨髓) that can be adapted to grow permanendy in cell culture. When myeloma cells were fused with antibody-producing mammalian spleen cells, it was found that the result

36、ing hybrid cells, or hybridomas, produced large amounts of monoclonal(骨髓瘤) antibody. This product of cell fusion combined the desired qualities of the two different types of cells: the ability to grow continually, and the ability to produce large amounts of pure antibody. Because selected hybrid cel

37、ls produce only one specific antibody, they are more pure than the polyclonal antibodies produced by conventional techniques. They are potentially more effective than conventional drugs in fighting disease, since drugs attack not only the foreign substance but the bodys own cells as well, sometimes

38、producing undesirable side effects such as nausea(恶心) and allergic reactions. Monoclonal antibodies attack the target molecule and only the target molecule, with no or greatly diminished side effects. （分数：-1.00）(1).Which of the following substances is not an invader to the bodys immune system?（分数：-0

39、.20）A.disease-causing bacteriaB.disease-causing virusesC.antigensD.protein(2).All the following statements about antibodies are true except_.（分数：-0.20）A.each antibody attack one particular antigenB.all the antibodies resist against the disease when activatedC.the antibodies that attack measles, once

40、 activated, continue to confer resistance against measlesD.a vaccine can stimulate the production of antibodies(3).Which of the following functions done NOT belong to antibodies?（分数：-0.20）A.To clone (克隆) themselvesB.To be used therapeuticallyC.To be diagnose some diseasesD.To find out whether someth

41、ing foreign is in the blood(4).The polyclonal antibodies are different from the monoclonal ones in all the following ways except that_.（分数：-0.20）A.the productive techniques are differentB.the former contains some undesired substancesC.the former attacks the foreign substanceD.the former produces sid

42、e effects, that is, attack the bodys own cells(5).Which of the following statements is false?（分数：-0.20）A.The conventional method produces the polyclonal antibodies.B.The conventional method provides a very small amount of antibody.C.Hybridoma can produce antibodies around the clock.D.Antibody might

43、be an invader to the bodys immune system.Natural Medicines Since earliest days, humans have used some kinds of medicines. We know this because humans have survived. Ancient treatments for injury and disease were successful enough to keep humans from dying out completely. They were successful long be

44、fore the time of modern medicine. Before the time of doctors with white coats and shiny (发亮的) instruments. Before the time of big hospitals with strange and wonderful equipment. Many parts of the world still do not have university-educated doctors. Nor do they have expensive hospitals. Yet injuries

45、are treated. And diseases are often cured. How? By ancient methods. By medicines that might seem mysterious, even magical (有魔力的). Traditional medicines are neither mysterious nor magical, however. Through the centuries, tribal (部落的) medicine men experimented with plants. They found many useful chemi

46、cals in the plants. And scientists believe many of these traditional medicines may provide the cure for some of todays most serious diseases. Experts say almost 80% of the people in the world use plants for health care. These natural medicines are used not just because people have no other form of t

47、reatment. They are used because people trust them. In developed areas, few people think about the source of the medicines they buy in a store. Yet many widely-used medicines are from ancient sources, especially plants. Some experts say more than 25% of modern medicines come, in one way or another, f

48、rom nature. Scientists have long known that nature is really a chemical factory. All living things contain chemicals that help them survive. So scientists interest in traditional medicine is not new. But it has become an urgent concern. This is because the earths supply of natural medicines may be d

49、ropping rapidly. （分数：-1.00）(1).The passage indicates that ancient treatments for injury and disease were_.（分数：-0.20）A.much more successful than modern onesB.successful in all casesC.successful enough for humans to surviveD.of little help to humans(2).Which of the following statements is NOT true?（分数：-0.20）A.Many big and modern hospitals are expensive.B.Modern medicines are now available all over the world.C.Traditional medicines are neither mysterious nor magical.D.Humans have used some kinds of medicine