托福-练习二十二及答案解析.doc

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1、托福-练习二十二及答案解析(总分：20.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：4，分数：10.00)1 In economics and finance, nothing can be measured with the precision possible in the physical sciences. However, approximate measurement is often sufficient as long as the method of measurement remains the same over time. It is important

2、 for anyone who is considering buying stock in a company to know that the usual methods of accounting have been followed.2 Unfortunately, even when auditors certify that a company has prepared its financial reports properly, they cannot always be certain that all figures are 100 percent accurate. Be

3、cause a companys books are not open to public scrutiny, it is possible for a company to distort its financial status. Accounting scandals occur because of dishonesty, questionable accounting practices, or outright criminal behavior. Although the accounting profession and government agencies have att

4、empted to reform some of these abuses, the principle of caveat emptor-let the buyer beware-must still guide ones financial transactions.（分数：2.00）(1).Why does the author mention the physical sciences in paragraph 1?（分数：1.00）A.To point out that financial measurements are not always preciseB.To compare

5、 the physical sciences unfavorably with other sciencesC.To explain why methods of measurement are important in different fieldsD.To argue that economics and finance should be considered physical sciences(2).Why does the author mention the principle of caveat emptor in paragraph 2?（分数：1.00）A.To recom

6、mend that the government review all stock purchasesB.To criticize inadequate efforts to stop bad accounting practicesC.To argue that buying stock is the best way to make money fastD.To warn potential buyers of the possibility of accounting abuses1 Lake Wissanotti, just outside the town of Mariposa,

7、is one of Canadas most popular and enduring fictional places. The lake and town are the setting of Stephen Leacocks masterpiece, Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town, a collection of comic sketches and witty observations originally published in l 912. Leacock, one of the founders of Canadian literatur

8、e, worked for most of his life as a professor of economics. His reputation as a political economist was worldwide, but it is Lake Wissanotti and Mariposa for which he is most remembered today.2 Sunshine Sketches is a portrait of small-town Canadian life in the early twentieth century. Mariposa repre

9、sents a past to be cherished, a pastoral and idyllic town that allows for human folly. If there is any satire, it is immediately bathed in warm sunshine. Although Sunshine Sketches has the complexity of a novel, it is more properly defined as a short- story cycle. A vital force is the books narrator

10、, who is at times intimately close to the comings and goings of Mariposa life, but distant enough to sustain the focus on human folly.（分数：2.00）(1).Why does the author discuss Stephen Leacock in paragraph 1?（分数：1.00）A.To give the name of the main character in a bookB.To provide biographical informati

11、on about the authorC.To point out a relationship between literature and economicsD.To identify the narrator of a book of stories about a town(2).Why does the author use the phrase bathed in warm sunshine in the passage?（分数：1.00）A.To describe the tone of the bookB.To explain the meaning of satireC.To

12、 compare a novel and a short storyD.To illustrate the theme of human folly1 Everyone in a particular society recognizes social roles: father, mother, child, teacher, student, police officer, store clerk, doctor, judge, political leader, and so on. Every culture expects certain types of behavior from

13、 people who play certain social roles. Anyone occupying a given position is expected to adopt a specific attitude. A store clerk is expected to take care of customers patiently and politely, and a judge is expected to make wise and fair decisions about laws.2 Informal social roles are not always eas

14、y to recognize, but can be identified with careful research. They are key indicators of a groups health and happiness. Within the family, one informal role is the family hero, the person who defines integrity and upholds family morality. Others are the family arbitrator, the person who keeps the pea

15、ce, and the family historian, often a grandparent, who relays valuable cultural information that maintains both the family and the larger society. And finally, there is the family friend, the person who provides comfort and companionship to the family members with emotional needs.（分数：3.00）(1).Why do

16、es the author mention a store clerk and a judge in paragraph 1 ?（分数：1.00）A.To give examples of people who hold positions of respectB.To explain why social roles are important to a societyC.To illustrate the behavior required of certain social rolesD.To compare the responsibilities of two different o

17、ccupations(2).Why does the author use the term key indicators in discussing informal social roles?（分数：1.00）A.To identify the most important type of social roleB.To explain how to identify informal social rolesC.To point out that informal roles are unique to familiesD.To emphasize the value of inform

18、al roles to a group(3).Which informal social role supports the family by preserving the familys culture?（分数：1.00）A.riendB.HeroC.HistorianD.Arbitrator1 The many parts of the earths atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the earths surface to produce a whole-the climate system. Different part

19、s of the earths surface react to the energy of the sun in different ways. For example, ice and snow reflect much of it. Land surfaces absorb solar energy and heat up rapidly. Oceans store the energy without experiencing a significant temperature rise. Thus, the different types of surfaces transfer h

20、eat into the atmosphere at different rates.2 We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception. In the domain of space, we can study local, regional, and global climates. In time, we can look at the climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth. Finally,

21、we depend on our perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model. Human perception ranges from our personal observations to our public predictions about climate. Human perception must be included if our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into

22、societal actions. As a society, we make informed choices about how to use the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops. We also make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate-storms, blizzards, and droughts.（分数：3.00）(1).Why does the author disc

23、uss different parts of the earths surface in paragraph 1 ?（分数：1.00）A.To explain why humans live in some parts but not in othersB.To show that the entire earth is made of the same materialsC.To compare how various surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphereD.To describe changes in the earths appearanc

24、e throughout the year(2).According to the author, why must we include human perception in our study of climate?（分数：1.00）A.We must interpret data and take actions related to climate.B.We must create an interesting model of the climate system.C.We must develop an understanding of our environment.D.We

25、must change our traditional ways of studying climat(3).Why does the professor mention storms, blizzards, and droughts in paragraph 2?（分数：1.00）A.To explain why humans are afraid of the unknownB.To show how the atmosphere and the earth are linkedC.To give examples of dangerous effects of climateD.To i

26、llustrate the effects of human activity on climate二、Passage 2(总题数：3，分数：10.00)1 Several men have been responsible for promoting forestry as a profession. Foremost was Gifford Pinchot, the father of professional forestry in America. He was chief of the Forest Service from 1898 until 1910, working with

27、 President Theodore Roosevelt to instigate sound conservation practices in forests. Later he was professor of forestry and founder of the Pinchot School of Forestry at Yale University. Another great forester was Dr. Bernard E. Fernow, the first head of the U.S. Forest Service. He organized the first

28、 American school of professional forestry at Cornell University.2 The foresters of today, like Pinchot and Fernow in the past, plan and supervise the growth, protection, and utilization of trees. They make maps of forest areas, estimate the amount of standing timber and future growth, and manage tim

29、ber sales. They also protect the trees from fire, harmful insects, and disease. Some foresters may be responsible for other duties, ranging from wildlife protection and watershed management to the development and supervision of camps, parks, and grazing lands. Others do research, provide information

30、 to forest owners and to the general public, and teach in colleges and universities.（分数：3.00）(1).Why does the author call Gifford Pinchot the father of professional forestry in America?（分数：1.00）A.To emphasize his contributions to the fieldB.To describe his family backgroundC.To praise his management

31、 skillsD.To illustrate his influence on the president(2).Why does the author compare Pinchot and Fernow to the foresters of today?（分数：1.00）A.To describe different philosophies of forestry managementB.To show how the field of forestry has changed in 100 yearsC.To argue for the expansion of university

32、 forestry programsD.To introduce the types of work done by professional foresters(3).All of the following are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT（分数：1.00）A.what foresters do besides protecting treesB.how to select a good school of forestryC.people who promoted forestry as a careerD.management of timber

33、and timber sales1 Ones style of dress reveals the human obsession with both novelty and tradition. People use clothing to declare their membership in a particular social group; however, the rules for what is acceptable dress for that group may change. In affluent societies, this changing of the rule

34、s is the driving force behind fashions. By keeping up with fashions, that is, by changing their clothing style frequently but simultaneously, members of a group both satisfy their desire for novelty and obey the rules, thus demonstrating their membership in the group.2 There are some interesting var

35、iations regarding individual status. Some people, particularly in the West, consider themselves of such high status that they do not need to display it with their clothing. For example, many wealthy people in the entertainment industry appear in very casual clothes, such as the worn jeans and work b

36、oots of a manual laborer. However, it is likely that a subtle but important signal, such as an expensive wristwatch, will prevail over the message of the casual dress. Such an inverted status display is most likely to occur where the persons high status is conveyed in ways other than with clothing,

37、such as having a famous face.（分数：3.00）(1).According to the author, fashions serve all of the following purposes EXCEPT（分数：1.00）A.satisfying an interest in noveltyB.signaling a change in personal beliefsC.displaying membership in a social groupD.following traditional rules(2).Why does the author disc

38、uss individual status in paragraph 2?（分数：1.00）A.To state that individual status is not important in the WestB.To argue that individuals need not obey every fashion ruleC.To contrast the status of entertainers with that of manual laborersD.To explain how high status may involve an inverted status dis

39、play(3).Why does the author mention a wristwatch in paragraph 2?（分数：1.00）A.To give an example of an item that conveys ones actual statusB.To recommend wearing an expensive wristwatch with casual clothesC.To explain why it is not necessary to dress entirely in one styleD.To show that a wristwatch is

40、an important fashion accessory1 The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fough

41、t against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even

42、 when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade.2 American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed ship

43、wrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number o

44、nly nine years later in 1783.3 The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years.（分数：4.0

45、0）(1).Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacco colonies?（分数：1.00）A.To show how the war for independence affected the economyB.To compare the economic power of two different regionsC.To identify the two largest commercial enterprises in AmericaD.To give examples of industries

46、controlled by British forces(2).Why were the effects of the war felt most in the cities?（分数：1.00）A.Most of the fighting occurred in the cities.B.The British army destroyed most of the cities.C.The cities depended on manufacturing and trade.D.The urban population did not support the war.(3).Why does

47、the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2?（分数：1.00）A.To show that half of New York remained loyal to BritainB.To compare New York with other cities occupied during the warC.To emphasize the great short-term cost of the war for New YorkD.To illustrate the percentage of homeles

48、s people in New York(4).What probably occurred during the years fight after the war for independence?（分数：1.00）A.Development of new shipbuilding technologyB.A return to traditional methods of manufacturingC.A shift to an agricultural economy in New YorkD.Shortages of money and manufactured goods EXTI

49、托福-练习二十二答案解析(总分：20.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：4，分数：10.00)1 In economics and finance, nothing can be measured with the precision possible in the physical sciences. However, approximate measurement is often sufficient as long as the method of measurement remains the same over time. It is important for anyone who is considering buying stock in a company to know that the usual methods of accounting have been followed.2 Unfortunately, even when auditors certify that a company has prepared its financial reports properly, they cannot always be certain that all figures are 100 p