大学英语四级217及答案解析.doc
《大学英语四级217及答案解析.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《大学英语四级217及答案解析.doc(30页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、大学英语四级 217 及答案解析(总分:746.55,做题时间:130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数:1,分数:30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Wealth and Health. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1) 有人认为财富比健康重要 2) 也有人认为健康比财富重要 3) 你的观点是 (分数:30.00)_二、
2、Reading Comprehensio(总题数:1,分数:71.00)How Important Is Knowledge? Knowledge Makes the Difference between Poverty and Wealth Forty years ago, Ghana and the Republic of Korea had about the same income per capita. By 1990, Koreas income was six times higher than Ghanas. While part of the difference is du
3、e to more investment and more workers, half of the difference is attributed to Koreas greater success in organizing and using knowledge. Knowledge Makes the Difference between Sickness and Health Knowledge doesnt only mean higher economic growth and higher incomes. It can also mean a better quality
4、of life, such as a cleaner environment and better health. In recent decades, infant mortality rates have declined sharply for people in all income groups. Even very poor families suffer fewer infant deaths today than equally poor families suffered ten years ago. Reason: the advance of knowledge has
5、made possible new drugs and vaccines, better sanitation practices, and more effective public health campaigns. What Kind of Knowledge Our report focuses on two types of knowledge that are especially important to development. First, technical knowledge or simply know-how. Examples are nutrition and b
6、irth control, engineering and accounting. Poor countries and poor people have less know-how than others, and these knowledge gaps make it harder for people to escape poverty. Second, knowledge about attributes or characteristics, such as the purity of milk, the diligence of a worker, the solvency (偿
7、付能力) of a firm, and the security of a bank. When this information is lacking, markets function badly or fail. We call the difficulties arising from lack of this type of knowledge information problems. Information problems are often worse in developing countries and they especially hurt the poor. Kno
8、wledge Gaps and Information Problems in the Green Revolution The Green Revolution illustrates how dealing with both types of problems can improve peoples lives. The first steps in the Green Revolution involved narrowing knowledge gaps research to develop new seed and techniques, and teach the new te
9、chniques to farmers. But the potential of the Green Revolution could not be dug up unless poor farmers obtained loans to buy new seeds and fertilizer. As we will see, credit for the poor is a classic information problem. Lack of credit and other information problems turned out to be as important and
10、 difficult as the original agricultural research. One study in India found that for a typical family with a small parcel of land, the loss of potential income over five years from slow adoption and inefficient use of high-yielding varieties was nearly four times its annual income before the introduc
11、tion of the new seeds. As these problems were solved, through research, agricultural extension services and later through micro credit, the Green Revolution indeed helped the poor. Incomes of small farmers almost doubled and the incomes of landless laborers the poorest of the poor more than doubled.
12、 The two types of problem often overlap and interact, as in the case of the Green Revolution. To narrow knowledge gaps both between and within countries it is necessary to know how knowledge can be acquired, how it can be absorbed, and how it can be communicated. Acquiring Knowledge Most new knowled
13、ge is being created in richer countries, where spending on research and development is the highest. Fortunately, developing countries dont need to re-invent the light bulb, or the computer, or the vaccine for measles. In many cases, tapping global knowledge will be quickest and easiest way to narrow
14、 knowledge gaps. How? Foreign direct investment, trade, and in an era of strengthened intellectual property rights licensing are all important mechanisms for acquiring knowledge from abroad. And countries should not neglect the knowledge in their own backyard, such as traditional knowledge about eco
15、systems and medicinal plants. China, Brazil, India and Korea are building their own research capacity, to complement the acquisition of knowledge from abrade. Absorbing Knowledge Education is more important than ever before. In the past 20 years, the share of medium and high-technology goods in worl
16、d trade has more than doubled, to half of world trade. Basic education remains crucial, but it is no longer enough. To compete globally, a countrys workforce must include people with advanced technical training and higher education. At the household level, too, education is crucial. It is well known
17、 that educated women have healthier children and that farmers with more schooling are quicker to adopt new techniques. Despite great changes, too many poor people especially women remain illiterate. In low-income countries, four out of ten women do not know how to read. Communicating Knowledge Falli
18、ng communication costs offer new opportunities to cope with these old problems. Computing power and telephone lines cost only one ten-thousandth of what they cost two decades ago. Yet millions of people remain isolated. In the U.S. there are more than 600 telephone lines for every 1,000 people. But
19、in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, there are only 20 telephone lines for every 1,000 people. The problem isnt lack of demand. Worldwide about 28 million households and businesses in developing countries are on waiting lists for a telephone line. Many more would gladly pay if only service were ava
20、ilable. Breaking up monopolies and introducing more competition can help to increase the supply of phones. In Ghana the number of phone lines increased by 25 percent in the first year after the market was opened to competition. Chile used an innovative scheme to award subsidies to companies that ins
21、tall pay phones in remote villages. By the end of this year almost everybody in Chile will have access to a phone. Even if knowledge gaps were closed entirely, with everyone in the world having the same access to know-how as well-educated people in rich countries, people in poorer countries would st
22、ill face more serious information problems. Knowledge about attributes the quality of a product or the solvency of a firm cannot be stored for long. It must be generated on the spot and constantly refreshed. Many of the institutions needed to collect and spread this information are weak or lacking i
23、n developing countries. Information problems are especially important in three areas: poverty as is discussed above, finance, and environment. Finance The financial crisis in East Asia is clear reminder of the severity of information problems and the need to develop institutions to deal with them. B
24、y now the story is familiar. A build-up of short-term debt inevitably exposes a country to risk. But why was the withdrawal of funds so great? Part of the answer lies with inadequate information: depositors, unable to distinguish good banks from bad ones, withdrew their money from all banks; investo
- 1.请仔细阅读文档,确保文档完整性,对于不预览、不比对内容而直接下载带来的问题本站不予受理。
- 2.下载的文档,不会出现我们的网址水印。
- 3、该文档所得收入(下载+内容+预览)归上传者、原创作者;如果您是本文档原作者,请点此认领!既往收益都归您。
下载文档到电脑,查找使用更方便
2000 积分 0人已下载
下载 | 加入VIP,交流精品资源 |
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 大学 英语四 217 答案 解析 DOC
