大学四级-1048及答案解析.doc

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1、大学四级-1048 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Many students felt that it was hard to find a satisfactory job, because_.2. To solve this problem, universities have a role to play_.3. If those measures are put to practice, and if there are other effective measures, students wil

2、l find it more comfortable to confront the challenge of job hunting_.（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)The Skys LimitAir travel is a rapidly growing source of greenhouse gases. But it is also an indispensable way of travel.The new A380The double-decker A380, the biggest airliner the wo

3、rld has seen, landed at Heathrow last month to test whether Londons main airport could handle the new 550-seater, due to enter commercial service at the end of this year. It was a proud moment for Britains Rolls-Royce, the makers of the aircrafts Trent 900 engines. Rolls-Royce says the four Trents o

4、n the A380 are as clean and efficient as any jet engine, and produce “as much power as 3,500 family cars“. A simple calculation shows that the equivalent of more than six cars is needed to fly each passenger.Take the calculation further: flying a fully laden A380 is, in terms of energy, like a 14km

5、(nine-mile) queue of traffic on the road below. And that is just one aircraft. In 20 years, Airbus reckons, 1,500 such planes will be in the air. By then, the total number of airliners is expected to have doubled, to 22,000. The huge airplane alone would be pumping out carbon dioxide (CO2) at the sa

6、me rate as 5 million cars.That may not seem much compared with the 60 million vehicles that pour off assembly lines every yearor the 1 billion vehicles already on the worlds roads. But whereas cars are used roughly for about an hour or so a day, jet airliners are on the move for at least 10 hours a

7、day. And they burn tax-free, highoctane (高能量的) fuel, which dumps hundreds of millions of tonnes of CO2 into the most sensitive part of the atmosphere.Aviation is a relatively small source of the emissions blamed for global warming, but its share is growing the fastest. The evidence is strong. As a r

8、esult, aviation is increasingly attracting the attention of environmentalists and politicians. Amid much controversy, CO2caps (最高限制) and carbon-trading could soon be used to help curb aircraft emissions. Frequent flyers, free ridersAirlines are accused of having a free ride in terms of air pollution

9、 because they pay no tax on the fuel they use for international flights. Even though todays aircraft are about 70% more efficient than those of 40 years ago, concerns over emissions have grown. Despite booming demand for air travel, many airlines are losing money. Now green campaigners want people t

10、o think twice before they fly. The opposing voice is particularly loud in Europe, where low-cost carriers are expanding fast on busy shorthaul (短距离) routes. The European Parliament will vote in July on a proposal to limit aircraft emissions.America is deeply unhappy at the prospect of its airlines b

11、eing affected. Sharon Pinkerton, a senior representative of the Federal Aviation Administration insisted, on a visit to Brussels last year, that American carriers should be exempted from the scheme. This sets the scene for another transatlantic aviation dispute, to add to the two bitter and long-run

12、ning disputes over subsidies to Europes Airbus and the liberalisation of air traffic between the two continents.The airlines are growing nervous. The big international carriers represented by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) would rather Europe waited for the deliberations of a Uni

13、ted Nations body, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), which has set technical, legal and safety rules for more than 50 years. International aviation was excluded from the Kyoto protocol on global warming, but only on condition that, by the end of 2007, countries and airlines worked

14、 under the umbrella of ICAO to come up with a way of reducing emissions through a trading scheme.Soon after the end of the second world war the member governments of ICAO agreed that airlines should be free of fuel taxes. Some say this was to outlaw unilateral taxes that could distort markets, but o

15、thers reckon it was done to boost the fledgling airline industry emerging from the fighting. The corollary was that aviation, unlike motor traffic and other forms of transport, would pay in a transparent manner for the infrastructure and services it required-air-traffic management, landing charges,

16、flyover rights and so on. That was supposed to take care of the external costs. But no one in those days thought much about the environment.Counting the costIt was not until 1999 that the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) attempted to reduce the effect of aviation on th

17、e environment. Transport as a whole was judged to be responsible for about a quarter of the worlds CO2 discharges. That makes it one of the biggest sources, alongside power generation and households, as a source of the gas. Within transport, aviation accounts for about 13%. Its contribution to total

18、 man-made emissions worldwide is said to be around 3%.So why all the fuss about so little? One reason is that high-altitude emissions are probably disproportionately damaging to the environment. The nitrogen oxides from jet-engine exhausts lead to the formation of ozone, another greenhouse gas. Cont

19、rails (飞行云) are also suspected of enhancing the formation of cirrus clouds, which some scientists think adds to the global warming effect. The IPCC estimated that the overall impact on global warming of aircraft could be between two and four times that of their CO2 emissions alone, though there is n

20、o scientific consensus about the size of this multiplier.Naturally, the airlines choose to measure the greenhouse gases they produce in the way that casts them in the best light a trick they deploy on safety statistics, too. For instance, over half of aircraft accidents occur around take-off and lan

21、ding. So accidents per passenger-mile compare very favourably with other means of transport. But at least one study has shown that, if accidents are measured per journey instead, aircraft are the second-most dangerous way of travelling, after motorcycles.Likewise on greenhouse gases. IATA says an ai

22、rcrafts fuel consumption is about the same as that of a family car, at 3.5 litres per 100 passenger-kilometres. So CO2 emissions are similar. But that is true only if the aircraft is full and the cars passenger seats are empty. And even then, a jumbo jet flying from London to Sydney would be like ne

23、arly 400 Volkswagen Polos each travelling just over 16,000kmthe average distance a European drives in a year. In other words, although cars and aircraft discharge roughly the same amount of CO2for each passenger-kilometre, the aircraft travel an awful lot farther.Waiting to landCrowded airports comp

24、ound the problem. Busy runways at places such as Heathrow mean aeroplanes have to circle wastefully. The possibility of being held up ensures that pilots carry extra fuel, thereby increasing the aircrafts weight and, hence, its consumption of fuel. Other small changes could further save fuel and avo

25、id carbon emissions: aircraft could be towed everywhere on the ground by electric vehicles. Consumers, too, can take a stand by voluntarily offsetting the carbon emissions associated with flying by paying, for instance, to have trees planted.This week IATA said the net loss of the worlds airlines in

26、 the past six years would amount to almost $44 billion. Carriers have been hit by terrorism, war, recession, the respiratory disease SAILS and soaring oil prices. There were hopes the industry could make a small profit in 2007, but having to pay for environmental costs could change that. Yet global

27、warming is not something that airlines, or any other industry, can shake off for ever. Sooner or later, aviation will have to shoulder the burden it imposes on the planet.（分数：70.00）(1).This passage is mainly about how the development of airline industry has affected the environment through its green

28、house gases emission.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).It is predicted that in 20 years, the huge airplanes alone would be pumping out carbon dioxide at the same rate as 5 million cars.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).The author compares the effect of airliners on the environment and that of the cars and concluded that the ef

29、fect of the former is less because the number of airplanes is much smaller than that of the cars.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).In the past, aviation industry was the smallest source of greenhouse gases emission and thus did not attract peoples attention.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).Many airlines are having less profit

30、 today although there are more demand for air travel.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).America is proposing an alternative plan to solve the problem of emission from airliners.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).The airlines are mom and more nervous, and they want the problem be considered by IATA, a United Nations body.（分数：7.00

31、）填空项 1:_(8)._as a whole was judged to be responsible for about a quarter of the worlds carbon dioxide discharges.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Although aviation accounts for only 3% of the total man-made emission, its_ are believed to be disproportionately damaging to the environment.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Duri

32、ng the past six years, airline industry has been hit by terrorism, war, _which made the industry suffer a total loss of $44 billion.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.He stopp

33、ed driving a car two years ago.B.He drove a car before but not any more.C.He doesnt like driving.D.He hasnt driven for two years but now he does.A.He couldnt sleep well because of his illness.B.He slept for a while and studied a little.C.He didnt do anything in particular.D.He studied mathematics al

34、l night.A.In the kitchen.B.In an orchard.C.In a garden.D.At a picnic.A.The mans.B.The womans.C.Brians.D.The mans brothers.A.She hasnt been well lately.B.She feels unhappy without a TV.C.She wants it to be fixed by an expert.D.She wants him to repair it at once.A.She will not answer the phone.B.She w

35、ill hang up the phone.C.She will call her friend.D.She will ask the man to answer the phone.A.The boys mother has had an accident.B.The boys mother doesnt know of his condition.C.The boys mother is in serious condition.D.The boys mother has received the news.A.$1.00.B.75 cents.C.105 cents.D.80 cents

36、.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.The use of steel in building construction.B.Computer usage.C.Database on computer.D.Building construction.A.Library.B.Bookstore.C.Computer.D.Tutors office.A.Colleagues.B.Tutor and studentC.Classmates.D.Father and son.A

37、.In a university.B.I? a hospital.C.In a factory.D.In a shopping center.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.In a plane.B.On a bus.C.In a train.D.On a ship.A.Hu wants the man to leave because the seat is Hus.B.Hu wants to get to his window seat.C.Hu wants t

38、o get some food.D.Hu wants to get to his aisle seat.A.The plane is delayed by the late arrival of some passengers.B.The plane is delayed by some mechanical failure.C.The weather does not allow the plane to take off.D.The luggage of some passenger is dangerous.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQu

39、estions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.How to increase farm land.B.What is the biggest problem in agriculture.C.How to satisfy the needs of the farmers.D.A solution to problems in land use.A.To bring more state-owned land into paid land-use contract.B.To be used fo

40、r non-agricultural matters.C.To increase land available for agriculture.D.To regulate land use.A.This effort will apprise lands use rights before contracting lease.B.Add to the State revenue.C.Improve the management of the land.D.Ensure the best use of land resources and control its redistribution.P

41、assage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.An arguement for environmental protection.B.An arguement against environmental protection.C.An arguement for common citizens.D.A clarification of a misconception about environment pollution and its cost.A.The envir

42、onmentalists.B.The businessmen.C.The ordinary citizen.D.None of the above.A.There is no greenhouse gas now, since it has been well under control.B.Now the production of CFCs used in refrigerators is only one third of that in the mid- 1980s.C.Oxides of sulfur can lead to acid rain and smog.D.The amou

43、nt of lead, soot and carbon monoxide that are sent out has been reduced sharply.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Decided that he would plead guilty.B.Told another prisoner about his old friend.C.Succeeded in seeing his friend secretly one day.D

44、.Told his family about his old friends.A.To be found guilty.B.His friend could persuade the other members of the jury to consider less severely.C.To escape from the prison.D.To be found not guilty.A.Five minutes.B.15 hoursC.Five hours.D.15 minutesA.Firing them out.B.Tearing them up.C.Dating them.D.E

45、xhausting them.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)If you were supposed to be at my house at 6: 00 p.m. for dinner, but you came at 8: 00 p.m., we would (36) think you were quite impolite. However, if you come from Brazil, the idea of being (37) , or “on time“, might mean coming two hours late. In fact, bein

46、g “early“ or “late“ depends on your cultural (38) and no dictionary can give a clear (39) of“early“ or “late“ because these ideas reflect “social time“ rather than real time.Even more (40) is how people from other cultures explain their lateness. American students might say they simply had not cared

47、 that they were late. In (41) , Brazilians would go out of their way to explain their lateness in a number of waysthey were delayed by unforeseen or (42) problems, for example. Or they might (43) the reasons of being late to reasons that you might never think of.Some American students might feel ver

48、y guilty and blame themselves, but (44) .Another surprising difference that researchers discovered was the way cultures view someone who is late. Americans tend to think negatively of people being late. (45) Or, at least, you will be viewed with some disfavor.But in Brazil, if you are late for an appointment, the chances are you will be admired. (46) .（分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_