【考研类试卷】真核生物的遗传分析、细菌的遗传分析(二)及答案解析.doc

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1、真核生物的遗传分析、细菌的遗传分析(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast agricultural hinterland. Market days (1) the crowded city

2、 even more crowded, as farmers from within a (2) of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, vegetables, cider and other products for direct sale to the (3) . The High Street Market was continuously (4) throughout the period until 1736, (5) it (6) from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was

3、 opened on Second Street. The next year the Callow Hill Market began (7) . Along with market days, the (8) of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia (9) after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The (10) provided a means of bringing handmade goods from (11) pla

4、ces to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, (12) , were popular items. Auctions were another popular (13) of trade. Because of the competition, retail (14) opposed these as well as the fairs. (15) governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than succ

5、essful, the ordinary (16) of economic development was on the merchantsside, as increasing business specialization became the (17) of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear (18) general stores selling a variety of goods.

6、One of the reasons Philadelphias merchants prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, (19) , in the capital city of the province, (20) to not only the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony.（分

7、数：10.00）(1).A followed B saw C witted D increased（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A radiation B extent C radius D territory（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A townspeople B farmers C merchants D governors（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A envisioned B endangered C enriched D enlarged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A that B what C how D when（分数：0.

8、50）A.B.C.D.(6).A varied B ranged C reached D differed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A operation B sale C cooperation D corporation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A culture B institution C deed D malpractice（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A therefore B hardly C still D even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A state B fairs C farmers D cities（分数

9、：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A outweighing B outreaching C outlying D outrageous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A however B for example C moreover D in comparison（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A solution B format C style D form（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A merchants B farmers C businessmen D citizens（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A Now that B

10、 Since C Although D If（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A course B trick C velocity D hatch（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A command B order C recommendation D sequence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A in addition to B for the purpose of C with regard to D at the risk of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A for all B above all C at all D after

11、all（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A resorting B turning C catering D committing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Its obvious that humans are fundamentally different from other animal species. Its not so easy, though, to identify the traits that

12、 make human beings so special. Scientists realized long ago that other animals make tools, play jokes and even have a sense of justice and altruismall things we once thought were unique to our species.Now a paper in the journal Current Biology has added another behavior to the list of what other ani

13、mals share with usand this one isnt quite so charming. After years of field observations in Ugandas Kibale National Park, John Mitani of the University of Michigan and several colleagues have concluded that chimps wage war to conquer new territory.“We already knew that chimps kill each other,“ says

14、Mitani. “Weve known this for a long time.“ What scientists didnt know for certain, at least in cases in which groups of chimps banded together to kill others, was why. One hypothesis, advanced more than a decade ago by anthropologist Richard Wrangham, was the idea of territorial conquest; circumstan

15、tial evidence from both Gombe and Mahale national parks in Tanzania bolstered the theory.In Mahale, for example, male members of one group mysteriously vanished, and another group then expanded into what had been their land. In Gombe, an existing group dissolved into civil war, resulting in killings

16、 and land takeovers.Whats especially chilling about the observation is that the murder rate appears to be so high. The anthropologists couldnt be certain of how big a band the victims belonged to because they werent used to a human presence and thus couldnt be accurately counted. But even a conserva

17、tive estimate suggests that the death rate is significantly higher than you would see in war between human hunter-gatherer groups.Mitani isnt oblivious to the lesson some people might draw from the study. “Invariably, some will take this as evidence that the roots of aggression run very deep,“ he sa

18、ys, and therefore conclude that war is our evolutionary destiny. “Even if that were true,“ says Mitani, “we operate by a moral code that chimps dont have.“Apart from that, he points out, the Pan troglodytes chimps he studies are one of two subspecies. The other is called Pan paniscus, also known as

19、bonobos, and, says Mitani, “the latter, as far as we know, arent nearly as aggressive with respect to intergroup relations. Yet theyre equally close to us.“ That means that if were wired for warfare, were wired for peace too. Ultimately, the route we choose is still up to us.（分数：10.00）(1).John Mitan

20、i concludes that chimps_.A are hard to approach under some circumstancesB tend to be aggressive against others on some occasionsC have many similar traits as human beingsD may kill each other for some reasons unknown（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “bolstered“ (Line 5, Paragraph 3) has the closest mean

21、ing to_.A held B challenged C proposed D confirmed（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What problem did the anthropologists meet in studying the chimps?A They have no clue as to why chimps grouped to fight.B There is not enough evidence to prove Wranghams hypothesis.C They cant confirm the number of the chimps invo

22、lved in the war.D Theres not enough people to participate in the field observation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A Mankind has moral restraints concerning fighting wars.B Aggressive behaviors among chimps are due to genetic factors.C Human be

23、ings are worrying about choosing between peace and war.D Some chimps are much milder in temper than human beings.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Chimps Going to War TooB Higher Death Rate among ChimpsC Differences between subspecies of ChimpsD Trait

24、s Unique to Human Beings（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Electronics are being recycled in record numbers as more states require it and more companies collect and even pay for discarded items, but the gains come with controversy. Some environmentalists complain that recycling is not keeping

25、pace with electronics sales. Some say e-waste is being dumped in developing countries, where toxic materials such as lead and mercury can leach from landfills into groundwater. “It is a success story, but wed like to see it get more successful“ to keep up with the electronics boom, says Janette Pete

26、rsen of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The amount of recycled items more than doubled from 1999 to 2007, the most recent year for which the EPA has figures. But as a percentage of all electronics, it increased less, from 15% to 18%. “The demand for electronics recycling has been growing,

27、“ partly because of the switch last year to digital TV, says Jennifer Berry of Earth911. corn, a private group that keeps a database of recyclers. Last year, she says 31% of inquiries involved electronics, primarily TVs, batteries and computers. Public and private efforts are expanding. Vermont beca

28、me the 21st state last month to enact a law that requires e-waste recycling. Twenty-six companies-including Dell, Hewlett Packard, AT but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on “facts and figures“ and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of

29、 a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of “college“ imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every me

30、mber of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the “equal start“ which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to reach again. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is bin

31、ding on all. There are no “illiterates“-if the term can be applied to peoples without a script-while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of “civilized“ nations. This shows how long it was

32、 before we considered it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the “happy few“ during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry that, in our soci

33、ety, often hampers the fui1 development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savages know of no “juvenile delinquency“. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no fa

34、ther is confronted with his inability to “buy“ an education for his child.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “interest“ in the first paragraph most probably meansA pleasure.B returns.C share.D knowledge.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, the author seems to beA against the education in the very early h

35、istoric times.B in favor of the educational practice in primitive cultures.C positive about our present educational instruction.D quite happy to see an equal start for everyone.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the text thatA some families now can hardly afford to send their children to s

36、chool.B everyone today has an equal opportunity in education.C every country invests heavily in education.D we are not very certain whether preachers are necessary or not.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the text, which of the following statements is true?A One without education today has few oppor

37、tunities.B We have not yet decided on our educational models.C Compulsory schooling is legal obligation in several countries now.D Our spiritual outlook is better now than before.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title for this text isA The Significance of Education.B Educational Investment and Its Prof

38、it.C Education and Modern Civilization.D Education: A Comparison of Its Past and Its Present.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“I was just like you-I thought I was invincible,“ says Adam Blomberg, standing before 400 students in a darkened auditorium at Miamis Coral Reef Senior High School. A

39、 photo of a bloodied and unconscious teenager, a breathing tube protruding from his mouth, flashes on the wall.“That was me,“ he says. Theres a collective gasp before the room grows silent and Blomberg,31, an anesthesiologist who trained at Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, begins the story of

40、what happened one night in February 1995.He created a presentation illustrating the dangers of behaving irresponsibly in a car, from not buckling up to speeding to driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. He tracked down photos of teen crash victims from the centers archives, then incorpora

41、ted statistics and his own experience. He spoke the first time to a local Boy Scout troop and was soon giving his talk, “A Survivors Story,“ at high schools around the state.The Blomberg family had reason to celebrate. Adam had fully recovered and was on his way to fulfilling his lifelong dream of b

42、ecoming a doctor. But in January 2000, Blombergs 22-year-old step-brother, Michael, was killed in a crash while driving to his Atlanta home late one night. He wasnt wearing a seat belt. After the accident, Blomberg stopped telling his story to crowds, racked with guilt over his inability to reach Mi

43、chael. If Blomberg had failed his own brother, he reasoned, how could he possibly make a difference to a roomful of strangers? Requests from schools continued to roll in, but he turned down every one.Then Blomberg got a call from a high school counselor. As he started into his standard excuse-lack o

44、f timehe looked across the room at a stack of thank-you notes from students who had heard him speak. He realized that kids needed to hear what he had to say. He agreed to visit the school and began contacting others on the waiting list for his talks.Blomberg leaves the school hoping he has changed s

45、omeones behavior. He recalls a letter he received from a student who heard him speak and got into a crash later that same day but was unharmed. “ She told me she was wearing her seat belt because of me.“Letters like this reinforce his belief that he survived the accident for a reason. “There are a l

46、ot of physicians in the world, and we all save lives,“ he says. “I have a special opportunity to save lives not just as a doctor but also as a human being./（分数：10.00）(1).The word “invincible“ most probably means _.A capable of doing everything B incapable of being destroyedC totally unlikely to happ

47、en D beyond belief or understanding（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which one of the following is NOT a part of the authors presentation?A Photos. B Statistics.C Videos. D His own experience.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Why did the author stop giving speeches for a while?A The death of his stepbrother makes him feel gu

48、ilty.B The development of seat belt avoided most accidents.C There are no more requests from schools inviting him.D He did not have enough time to give lectures at that time.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What makes him regain his belief in the value of his speeches?A Constant invitation calls from schools.B The death of his stepbrother Blomberg.C The thank-you letters confirming his speeches values.D Numerous accidents he heard of.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which one of the following is the best title for this passage?A Teen Driving Risks Are HighestB Vehicle Safety Trends