【考研类试卷】考研英语-21及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-21 及答案解析(总分：104.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its ownU U 1 /U /Uand cure.Culture shock isU U 2 /U /Uby the anxiety that results from losing all

2、our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and oneU U 3 /U /Uin which we orient ourselves to theU U 4 /U /Uof daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how toU U 5 /U /Upurchases, when to accept

3、 and when to refuse invitations, when to take statement seriously and when not. These cues,U U 6 /U /Umay be words, gestures, facialU U 7 /U /Ucustoms, or norms, areU U 8 /U /Uby all of us in the course of growing up and are as much aU U 9 /U /Uof our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs

4、we accept. All of usU U 10 /U /Ufor our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues,U U 11 /U /Uof which we do not carry on theU U 12 /U /Uof conscious awareness.Now when an individualU U 13 /U /Ua strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fi

5、sh out of water. No matter how broad-minded orU U 14 /U /Uof goodwill you may be, a series of props have beenU U 15 /U /Uunder you, followed by a feeling of frustration andU U 16 /U /U. People react to the frustration in much theU U 17 /U /Uway. First they reject the environment which causes theU U

6、18 /U /U. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.“ When foreigners in a strange land get together toU U 19 /U /Uabout the host country and its people, you can be sure they areU U 20 /U /Ufrom culture shock.（分数：20.00）(1). A. expected B. predicted C. accelerated D. anticip

7、ated（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. significance B. symptoms C. diseases D. symbols（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. learned B. acquired C. acknowledgedD. received（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. kind B. group C. part D. type（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5). A. depend B. account C. look D. consider（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6). A. much B. none

8、C. all D. most（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7). A. horizon B. degree C. level D. latitude（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8). A. exposes B. enters C. receives D. accepts（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9). A. free B. many C. lack D. full（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10). A. knocked down B. knocked against C. knocked from D. knocked out（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.

9、(11). A. trouble B. nuisance C. worry D. anxiety（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12). A. finite B. strange C. same D. familiar（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13). A. difference B. disagreement C. difficulty D. discomfort（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(14). A. complain B. satirize C. criticize D. despise（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(15). A. plans B. meth

10、ods C. directions D. ways（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(16). A. suffering B. resulting C. undertaking D. talking（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(17). A. situation B. communication C. state D. association（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(18). A. do B. make C. complete D. finish（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(19). A. which B. that C. when D. what（分数：1.00）A.B

11、.C.D.(20). A. expression B. feature C. muscle D. characteristic（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、BSection Readi(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、BPart A/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BText 1/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For the past two years in Silicon Valley, the centre of Americas technology industry, conference-goers have entertained themselves playi

12、ng a guessing game: how many times will a speaker mention the phrase “long tail“? It is usually a high number, thanks to the influence of the long-tail theory, which was first developed by Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired magazine, in an article in 2004. Though technologists and bloggers chuckle

13、at how every business presentation now has to have its long-tail section, most are envious of Mr. Anderson, whose brainwave quickly became the most fashionable business idea around.Whether a blockbuster film, a bestselling novel, or a chart-topping rap song, popular culture idolises the hit. Compani

14、es devote themselves to creating them because the cost of distribution and the limits of shelf space in physical shops mean that profitability depends on a high volume of sales. But around the beginning of this century a group of internet companies realised that with endless shelves and a national o

15、r even international audience online they could offer a huge range of productsand make money at the same time.The niche, the obscure and the specialist, Mr. Anderson argues, will gain ground at the expense of the hit. As evidence, he points to a drop in the number of companies that traditionally cal

16、culate their revenue/sales ratio according to the 80/20 rulewhere the top fifth of products contribute four-fifths of revenues. Ecast, a San Francisco digital jukebox company, found that 98% of its 10000 albums sold at least one track every three months. Expressed in the language of statistics, the

17、experiences of Ecast and other companies such as Aragon, an online bookseller, suggest that products down in the long tail of a statistical distribution, added together, can be highly profitable. The internet helps people find their way to relatively obscure material with recommendations and reviews

18、 by other people, (and for those willing to have their artistic tastes predicted by a piece of software) computer programs which analyse past selections.Long-tail enthusiasts argue that the whole of culture will benefit, not just commercial enterprises. Television, film and music are such bewitching

19、 media in their own right that many people are quite happy to watch and listen to what the mainstream provides. But if individuals have the opportunity to pick better, more ideally suited entertainment from a far wider selection, they will take it, according to the theory of the long tail. Some anal

20、ysts reckon that entire populations might become happier and wiser once they have access to thousands of documentaries, independent films and subgenres of every kind of music, instead of being subjected to what Mr. Anderson calls the tyranny of lowest-common-denominator fare. That might be taking th

21、ings a bit far. But the long tail is certainly one of the internets better gifts to humanity.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph the author mentioned the conference-goers guessing game, he wants to show A. it is usually a high number that speakers mentioned the phrase “long tail“. B. the enormous i

22、nfluence of the long-tail theory. C. conference-goers liked to entertain themselves playing the game. D. Chris Anderson was the first who developed “long tail“.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which word is most similar to “blockbuster“ (Line 1, Paragraph 2) in meaning? A. Bomb-like. B. Unpopular. C. High profi

23、t. D. Bestselling.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following statements is lure? A. Only the internet can help people find more way to relatively obscure material. B. 80/20 rule is disproved by long-tail theory. C. Statistical distribution in the long tail can be highly profitable. D. The internet

24、is a support point of long-tail theory.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Who will be benefited the least according to the theory? A. Sub-genre media. B. Big companies. C. Whole of culture. D. Individuals.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Whats the main idea of this passage? A. Chris Anderson and his “Long-tail“. B. Prevalenc

25、e of “Long-tail“. C. What is Long-tail? D. Long-tail and Internet.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、BText 2/B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)The biggest danger facing the global airline industry is not the effects of terrorism, war, SARS and economic downturn. It is that these blows, which have helped ground three national flag ca

26、rriers and force two American airlines into bankruptcy, will divert attention from the inherent weaknesses of aviation, which they have exacerbated. As in the crisis that attended the first Gulf War, many airlines hope that traffic will soon bounce back, and a few catastrophic years will be followed

27、 by fuller planes, happier passengers and a return to profitability. Yet the industrys problems are deeperand olderthan the trauma of the past two years implies.As the centenary of the first powered flight approaches in December, the industry it launched is still remarkably primitive. The car indust

28、ry, created not long after the Wright Brothers made history, is now a global industry dominated by a dozen firms, at least half of which make good profits. Yet commercial aviation consists of 267 international carriers and another 500-plus domestic ones. The worlds biggest carrier, American Airlines

29、, has barely 7% of the global market, whereas the worlds biggest carmaker, General Motors, has (with its associated firms) about a quarter of the worlds automobile market.Aviation has been incompletely deregulated, and in only two markets: America and Europe. Everywhere else, governments dictate who

30、 flies under what rules. These aim to preserve state-owned national flag-carriers, run for prestige rather than profit. And numerous restrictions on foreign ownership impede cross-border airline mergers.In America, the big network carriers face barriers to exit, which have kept their route networks

31、too large. Trade unions resisting job cuts and Congressmen opposing route closures in their territory conspire to block change. In Europe, liberalization is limited by bilateral deals that prevent, for instance, British Airways (BA) flying to America from Frankfurt or Paris, or Lufthansa offering tr

32、ansatlantic flights from Londons Heathrow. To use the car industry analogy, it is as if only Renaults were allowed to drive on French motorways.In airlines, the optimists are those who think that things are now so bad that the industry has no option but to evolve. Frederick Reid, president of Delta

33、Air Lines, said earlier this year that events since the September llth attacks are the equivalent of a meteor strike, changing the climate, creating a sort of nuclear winter and leading to a “compressed evolutionary cycle“. So how, looking on the bright side, might the industry look after five years

34、 of accelerated development?（分数：4.00）(1).According to the author, the deeper problems of aviation industry_. A. are the effects of various disasters B. are actually not fully recognized C. are attracting a lot of attention D. are not the real cause of airlines bankruptcy（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(2).One of t

35、he facts that reflect the primitiveness of airline industry is _. A. its history is much longer than that of car industry B. it is composed of international and domestic carriers C. its market is divided by many a relatively small carrier D. it is still an industry of comparatively low profits（分数：0.

36、80）A.B.C.D.(3).What does the author mean by “Aviation has been incompletely deregulated “(Para. 3)? A. Governmental restrictions are still imposed on aviation industry in many areas. B. Governments help establish rules for aviation industry only in America and Europe. C. Some countries hope to help

37、their national carriers keep up their national prestige. D. Many countries discourage merger plans between foreign and domestic carriers.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that _. A. free competition may help solve the problems confronting aviation industry B. problems in Ameri

38、ca are more of a political nature than that in Europe C. car industry should exert a more powerful influence on aviation industry D. there is still a long way to go before the problems can be solved（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(5).According to Fredrick Reid, the aviation industry _. A. is facing a very serious

39、situation B. will confront a difficult evolution C. has no way out of the present difficulty D. will experience a radical reform（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.六、BText 3/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics“ are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny

40、 minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling-we think we see it happening all the time-but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a

41、 plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication“: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, t

42、hose select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting or developing whatever

43、it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is gener

44、ally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required at all. The researchers argument stems from a simple observation about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outside presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal influence-even the most

45、 influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occ

46、ur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from th

47、e initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.（分数：10.00）(1).By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to _. A. analyze the consequences of social epidemics B. discuss influentials function in spreading ideas C. exemplify peoples intuitive respons