【考研类试卷】北京大学真题2012年及答案解析.doc

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1、北京大学真题 2012年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：100.00)Parkinsons disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy,“ is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million peopl

2、e worldwide have it: in North America, estimates run from 500,000 to one million, with about 50,000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the worlds elderly population grows; indeed, Pakinsons and other neurodegenerative illness common in the elderly (such as Alzheime

3、rs and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are on their way to over-taking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasin

4、gly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow, stop or prevent Parkinsons. Although treatments do existincluding drugs and deep-brain stimulationthese therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, severa

5、l promising developments have occurred. In particular, investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.As its 19th-century name suggestsand as many

6、people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinsons sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad All and Michael J. Foxthe disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balance and coordination are am

7、ong the diseases hallmarks. In addition, some patients have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victim cells are many and found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region

8、called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit. These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-tunes and coordinates movement. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substanti

9、a nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delays, false starts, cancellations and, ultim

10、ately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor controlthe thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortexno longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.（分数：100.00）(1).Which of the following statements about Parkinsons disease can be best supported by the passage?A. Parkinsons di

11、sease will become one of the leading causes of death for the old people.B. Parkinsons disease is not entirely one of the aged, as half of the patients are young people.C. Parkinsons disease first appeared in the 19th century.D. Parkinsons disease is a neurological disorder, but not yet a neurodegene

12、rative illness.（分数：20.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author of the passage suggests that the developments in the study of Parkinsons disease can help _.A. prevent ParkinsonsB. alleviate the causes of ParkinsonsC. find new avenues for treatment of ParkinsonsD. cure Parkinsons（分数：20.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to th

13、e passage, what causes Parkinsons disease?A. The dopaminergic nerve cells are impaired by the victim cells.B. The dopaminergic nerve cells can no longer coordinate movement.C. There are tumors in the brain.D. There are not enough dopaminergic neurons in the brain.（分数：20.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Janet Reno and

14、 Michael J. Fox are mentioned in the passage because _.A. they were experts on Parkinsons diseaseB. they made great efforts to fight Parkinsons diseaseC. they succeeded in fighting Parkinsons diseaseD. they were well-known sufferers of Parkinsons disease（分数：20.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The primary purpose of t

15、his passage is to _.A. analyze what causes Parkinsons diseaseB. demonstrate how to prevent Parkinsons diseaseC. warn the young people of the danger of Parkinsons diseaseD. present new movements in the study of Parkinsons disease（分数：20.00）A.B.C.D.北京大学真题 2012年答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading C

16、ompr(总题数：1，分数：100.00)Parkinsons disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy,“ is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million people worldwide have it: in North America, estimates run fr

17、om 500,000 to one million, with about 50,000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the worlds elderly population grows; indeed, Pakinsons and other neurodegenerative illness common in the elderly (such as Alzheimers and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are on their way

18、to over-taking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger th

19、an 40.So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow, stop or prevent Parkinsons. Although treatments do existincluding drugs and deep-brain stimulationthese therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred. In particular,

20、investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.As its 19th-century name suggestsand as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent P

21、arkinsons sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad All and Michael J. Foxthe disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balance and coordination are among the diseases hallmarks. In addition, some patients

22、have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victim cells are many and found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit.

23、These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-tunes and coordinates movement. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells.

24、But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delays, false starts, cancellations and, ultimately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in

25、motor controlthe thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortexno longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.（分数：100.00）(1).Which of the following statements about Parkinsons disease can be best supported by the passage?A. Parkinsons disease will become one of the leading causes of death fo

26、r the old people.B. Parkinsons disease is not entirely one of the aged, as half of the patients are young people.C. Parkinsons disease first appeared in the 19th century.D. Parkinsons disease is a neurological disorder, but not yet a neurodegenerative illness.（分数：20.00）A. B.C.D.解析：本题为细节推断题。定位到第一段可知

27、A选项正确。(2).The author of the passage suggests that the developments in the study of Parkinsons disease can help _.A. prevent ParkinsonsB. alleviate the causes of ParkinsonsC. find new avenues for treatment of ParkinsonsD. cure Parkinsons（分数：20.00）A.B.C. D.解析：本题为细节题，通过第二段最后一句可得出正确答案为 C。(3).According t

28、o the passage, what causes Parkinsons disease?A. The dopaminergic nerve cells are impaired by the victim cells.B. The dopaminergic nerve cells can no longer coordinate movement.C. There are tumors in the brain.D. There are not enough dopaminergic neurons in the brain.（分数：20.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：细节推断题。答案在试

29、题文章的最后一段。简单地说，多巴胺严重缺乏导致了帕金森病，所以选项D正确。(4).Janet Reno and Michael J. Fox are mentioned in the passage because _.A. they were experts on Parkinsons diseaseB. they made great efforts to fight Parkinsons diseaseC. they succeeded in fighting Parkinsons diseaseD. they were well-known sufferers of Parkinson

30、s disease（分数：20.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：细节理解题。由第三段第一句可知文章中提到的这两个人都是帕金森患者，所以选项 D正确。(5).The primary purpose of this passage is to _.A. analyze what causes Parkinsons diseaseB. demonstrate how to prevent Parkinsons diseaseC. warn the young people of the danger of Parkinsons diseaseD. present new movements in the study of Parkinsons disease（分数：20.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：主旨大意题。本文主要介绍对帕金森病研究的新动向，所以选项 D正确。