ASTM F1236-2018 Standard Guide for Visual Inspection of Electrical Protective Rubber Products.pdf

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1、Designation: F1236 16F1236 18Standard Guide forVisual Inspection of Electrical Protective Rubber Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1236; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r

2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to present methods and techniques for the visual inspection of electrical protective rubberprod

3、ucts. This guide also includes descriptions and photographs of irregularities found in these products.NOTE 1It is not the purpose of this guide to establish the acceptance level of any irregularity described herein. That shall be established by thestandard for each product.1.2 The values stated in i

4、nch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It

5、 is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized princ

6、iples on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F478 Specification for In-Service

7、Care of Insulating Line Hose and CoversF479 Specification for In-Service Care of Insulating BlanketsF496 Specification for In-Service Care of Insulating Gloves and SleevesF819 Terminology Relating to Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This S

8、tandard:3.1.1 abrasions and scratchessurface damage that normally occurs when a product makes contact with an abrasive surface(see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).3.1.1.1 DiscussionScuff-like damage can also occur from a brush contact with a hot object such as a soldering iron. This can sometimes look likethe gr

9、aining on leather.3.1.2 age crackssurface cracks that may look like the crazing of glazed ceramics and become progressively worse with time(see Fig. 3).3.1.2.1 DiscussionIt is normally a slow oxidation process caused by exposure to sunlight and ozone in the atmosphere and (or other environmentalcond

10、itions) and starts in areas of the rubber that are under stress.stress; see 3.1.14 for ozone cracks damage.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F18.60on Terminology.Current edition

11、 approved Oct. 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2018. Published November 2016October 2018. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20152016as F1236 15.F1236 16. DOI: 10.1520/F1236-16.10.1520/F1236-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Se

12、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previ

13、ous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Int

14、ernational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 breakdown the electrical discharge or arc occurring between the electrodes and through the equipment being tested (seeFig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6).3.1.4 chemical blooma white or yellowish discoloratio

15、n on the surface of a rubber product caused by the migration to thesurface of chemical additives used in the manufacture manufacturing process of the finished product (see Fig. 7).), caused by thenatural aging process.3.1.4.1 DiscussionNot to be confused with 3.1.10 glove discoloration.3.1.5 color s

16、plasha spot or blotch on the surface of a rubber product that occurred during the manufacturing process whena contrasting colored particle of unvulcanized rubber became embedded into the finished product (see Fig. 8).3.1.6 cutssmooth incisions in the surface of the rubber that are usually caused by

17、a sharp-edged object that can increase insize when they are placed under strain (see Fig. 9).FIG. 1 AbrasionFIG. 2 ScratchesF1236 1823.1.7 depressions or indentationsa shallow recess in the surface of the rubber that exhibits a thinner rubber thickness at thebottom of the depression than in the surr

18、ounding areas (see Fig. 10).3.1.8 detergent crackscracks that appear on the inside surface of a glove or sleeve that encircle the outline of a spot ofdetergent residue that was not removed during the cleaning and rinsing of the form prior to the dipping process.3.1.8 embedded foreign mattera particl

19、e of non-rubber material that has been molded into the finished product and may appearas a bump when the rubber is stretched (see Fig. 11).3.1.9 form marksa raised or indented section on the surface of the rubber that was caused by an irregularity in the form.3.1.10 glove discolorationa non-harmful

20、surface discoloration on a rubber insulating glove caused by the leaching of thetanning chemicals in leather protectors when protectors are left on the rubber insulating glove for an extended time; this isaccelerated when the protectors are wet (see Figs. 12-14).3.1.11 hard spota hardened area on th

21、e rubber surface that is usually caused by exposure to high heat or chemical attack (seeFigs. 15-18).3.1.12 mold marksa raised or indented section on the surface of the rubber that was caused by an irregularity in the mold (seeFigs. 19 and 20).FIG. 3 Age CracksFIG. 4 Breakdown (Dielectric Failure Bl

22、anket: Back)F1236 1833.1.13 nicks, snags, or scratchesangular tears, notches, or chip-like injuries in the surface of the rubber that have been causedby barbed wire, sharp pointed tools, staples, splinters or similar sharp edged hazards (see Fig. 2, Fig. 21, and Fig. 22).FIG. 5 Breakdown (Dielectric

23、 Failure Blanket: Front)FIG. 6 Breakdown (Dielectric Failure)FIG. 7 Chemical BloomF1236 1843.1.14 ozone cracksa series of interlacing cracks that may start at stress points and quickly worsen as a result of rapidoxidation in a highly concentrated ozone atmosphere usually produced by electrical arcin

24、g (see Fig. 23 and Fig. 24).3.1.15 parting line or flash linea ridge of rubber left on finished products occurring at mold joints during the manufacturingprocess.3.1.16 pittinga pit-like depression in the surface of the rubber that may have been created by the rupturing of an air bubbleat or near th

25、e surface of the rubber during the manufacturing process (see Fig. 25).FIG. 8 Color SplashFIG. 9 CutsF1236 1853.1.17 protuberancebulge or swelling that protrudes above the surface of the rubber that may have occurred duringmanufacture the manufacturing process (see Fig. 26).3.1.18 puncturepenetratio

26、n by a sharp object through the entire thickness of the rubber product (see Fig. 27).3.1.19 repair marksan area on the surface of the finished product that has a different texture due to the repair or reworkingof an irregularity in the mold or form (see Fig. 28).3.1.20 runsraised flow marks that may

27、 occur on the fingers of rubber gloves during the dipping process.FIG. 10 DepressionsFIG. 11 Foreign MatterFIG. 12 Glove DiscolorationF1236 1863.1.21 skin breakscavities in the surface of the rubber with filmy ragged edges and smooth interior surfaces that are normallycaused by embedded dirt specks

28、during manufacture.the manufacturing process.3.1.22 soft spotssurface areas of the rubber that have become soft and sometimes tacky as a result of exposure to heat, oils,or chemical solvents.3.1.23 tearsa separation of the rubber through its entire thickness, usually at an edge, that has been create

29、d by a forcefulpulling apart of the rubber (see Fig. 29 and Fig. 30).3.1.24 trackingthe formation of a carbonized path on the surface of a solid insulating medium, resulting from excessivecurrent leakage over the surface (see Fig. 31, Fig. 32, and Fig. 33).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provi

30、des inspection methods and techniques that may be used to examine electrical protective rubber productsfor irregularities. The methods have applications in manufacturing locations,facilities, testing facilities,laboratories, and in the fieldwhere the products are used.4.2 This guide also contains ph

31、otographs that supplementillustrate the descriptions of terms listed in Section 3 and in DefinitionsF819.FIG. 13 Glove DiscolorationFIG. 14 Glove DiscolorationF1236 1875. Inspection Methods5.1 Rolling:5.1.1 Inspect glove and sleeve surface areas by gently rolling their entire outside and inside surf

32、ace areas between the hands.This technique requires gently squeezing together the inside surfaces of the glove or sleeve to bend the outside surface area andcreate sufficient stress to inside surfaces of the glove or sleeve to highlight cracks, cuts, or other irregularities. When the entireoutside s

33、urface area has been inspected in this manner, turn the glove or sleeve inside-out and repeat the inspection on the insidesurface (now on the outside). If necessary, a more careful inspection of suspicious areas can be achieved by gently pinching androlling the rubber between the fingers (see Fig. 3

34、4). Never leave a glove or sleeve in an inside-out condition. Stretch the thumband finger crotches by pulling apart adjacent thumb and fingers to look for irregularities in those areas (see Fig. 35, Fig. 36, Fig.37 and Fig. 38).5.1.2 Place rubber blankets on a clean, flat surface and roll up tightly

35、 starting at one corner and rolling toward the diagonallyopposite corner. Inspect the entire surface in accordance with Specification F479 for irregularities as it is rolled up. Unroll theblanket and roll it up again at right angles to the original direction of rolling. Repeat the rolling operations

36、 on the reverse side ofthe blanket (see Fig. 39 and Fig. 40).5.1.3 Examine the inside surfaces of the insulating line hose in accordance with Specification F478 by holding the hose at thefar end from the lock and placing both hands side-by-side palms down around the hose. With the slot at the top an

37、d the long freeend of the hose on the left, slowly bend the two ends of the hose downward while forcing the slot open with the thumbs. The hoseshould be open at the bend, exposing the inside surface. Slide the left hand about a foot down the hose and then, with both handsfirmly gripping the hose, si

38、multaneously move the left hand up and the right hand down to pass this section over the crown of theFIG. 15 Hard SpotFIG. 16 Hard SpotF1236 188FIG. 17 Hard SpotFIG. 18 Hard SpotF1236 189FIG. 19 Mold MarksFIG. 20 Mold MarksFIG. 21 NickF1236 1810bend for inspection. Slide the right hand up the hose t

39、o the left hand. Hold the hose firmly with the right hand while the left handagain slides another foot down the hose. Repeat the inspection and, in this way, the entire length of hose passes through the handsfrom one end to the other (see Fig. 4041).5.2 Inflation:FIG. 22 SnagFIG. 23 Ozone CrackingFI

40、G. 24 Ozone CracksF1236 18115.2.1 Punctures and other small holes in rubber insulating gloves can be found by inflating the gloves with air pressure. Glovescan be inflated manually by grasping the side edges of the glove opening (see Fig. 4142) and stretching gently, side-by-side, toclose and slight

41、ly seal the open end, (see Fig. 4243). Roll up the gauntlet end about 112 in. (38 mm) toward the palm by twirlingthe glove in a rotating motion using the rolled edges of the glove opening as an axis. Grasp the rolled up end in one hand to containthe entrapped air in the palm and fingers (see Fig. 43

42、44). Hold the inflated glove close to one ear and, with the free hand, squeezethe glove palm to increase the air pressure while listening and feeling for pinhole leaks (see Fig. 4445). Release the entrapped air.5.2.2 To entrap air in heavy weight gloves, it may be necessary to lay the glove on a fla

43、t surface, palm up, and press the openend closed with the fingers, (see Fig. 4546). While holding the end closed, tightly roll up about 112 in. (38 mm) of the gauntlet(see Fig. 4647 and Fig. 4748). Grasp the rolled-up end and inspect for small holes in accordance with 5.2.1 (see Fig. 4849 andFig. 49

44、50).5.2.3 Mechanical glove or sleeve inflaters may also be used to inspect the surface areas of the products (see Fig. 5051 and Fig.5152).5.2.4 Take care not to over inflate the gloves and sleeves as noted in Specification F496, since their physical characteristics maybe adversely affected by over i

45、nflating. Type 1 gloves and sleeves shall not be inflated or stretched to more than twice their normalsize. Type 2 gloves and sleeves shall not be inflated or stretched to more than 1.25 times their normal size.5.3 LightingThe visual inspection of electrical protective rubber products requires good

46、lighting and the products should bethoroughly cleaned before inspection. The light source should be at least 200 fc (2152.81x) with a reflector and should beadjustable for different lighting conditions. Some irregularities can be more easily seen with the light shining down on the surfaceFIG. 25 Pit

47、tingFIG. 26 ProtuberanceF1236 1812being examined; other irregularities require a low angle of light to allow the defect to cast a shadow in order to be seen.FIG. 27 PunctureFIG. 28 Repair MarksFIG. 29 Tear Rubber GloveF1236 1813FIG. 30 TearFIG. 31 TrackingBurned Rubber SleeveFIG. 32 TrackingInsuffic

48、ient Immersion DepthFIG. 33 TrackingContaminated Dielectric FluidFIG. 34 Inspection Sleeve Pinch RollingF1236 1814FIG. 35 Hand RollingFIG. 36 Pinch RollingFIG. 37 Inspection Between FingersFIG. 38 Inspection Between Fingers/Twirled GloveFIG. 39 Blanket RollingF1236 1815FIG. 40 Blanket RollingFIG. 40

49、41 Inspection Inside Line HoseFIG. 4142 GraspingFIG. 4243 StretchingF1236 1816FIG. 4344 TwirlingFIG. 4445 Listening and FeelingFIG. 4546 PressingFIG. 4647 Rolling Sealing the EdgesF1236 1817FIG. 4748 Rolling Trapping the AirFIG. 4849 InspectionFIG. 4950 Inspection 14 in. Glove LengthF1236 1818NOTE 1Glove inflated to maximum allowable degree.FIG. 5051 Inflator (Glove Inflated to Maximum Allowable Degree)FIG. 5152 Inflator 11 in. Glove LengthF1236 1819ASTM International takes no position respecti