ASTM E1321-2018 Standard Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties.pdf

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1、Designation: E1321 13E1321 18 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c

2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This fire test response standard determines material properties related to piloted

3、 ignition of a vertically oriented sampleunder a constant and uniform heat flux and to lateral flame spread on a vertical surface due to an externally applied radiant-heatflux.1.2 The results of this test method provide a minimum surface flux and temperature necessary for ignition (q“o,ig, Tig) and

4、forlateral spread (q“o,s, Ts,min), an effective material thermal inertia value (kc), and a flame-heating parameter () pertinent to lateralflame spread.1.3 The results of this test method are potentially useful to predict the time to ignition, t ig, and the velocity, V, of lateral flamespread on a ve

5、rtical surface under a specified external flux without forced lateral airflow. Use the equations in Appendix X1 thatgovern the ignition and flame-spread processes and which have been used to correlate the data.1.4 This test method is potentially useful to obtain results of ignition and flame spread

6、for materials. Data are reported in unitsfor convenient use in current fire growth models.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, product

7、s, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for perso

8、nnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practic

9、es and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.1.9 This international standard was developed in

10、 accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 A

11、STM Standards:2E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE286 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Building Materials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tu

12、nnel Furnace (Withdrawn 1991)3E648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Exposed Attic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine Surface Fin

13、ishes1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface Burning.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2018. Published October 2013November 2018. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edit

14、ion approved in 20092013as E1321 09.E1321 13. DOI: 10.1520/E1321-13.10.1520/E1321-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p

15、age on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be

16、technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of

17、this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 ASTM Adjuncts:ASTMDetailed drawings (19), construction information, and parts list (Adjunct to E1317)43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this

18、test method, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 backing board, na noncombustible insulating board, mounted behind the specimen during actual testing to satisfy thetheoretical analysis assumption of no heat loss through the specimen. It shall be roughly

19、 25 6 5 mm thick with a density no greaterthan 200 6 50 kg/m3.3.2.2 dummy specimen, na noncombustible insulating board used for stabilizing the operating condition of the equipment,roughly 20 6 5 mm in thickness with a density of 750 6 100 kg/mequipment.3.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe dummy specimen is moun

20、ted in the apparatus in the position of the test specimen and removed only when a test specimenis to be inserted. For the ignition tests, the dummy specimen board shall have a hole at the 50-mm position, for mounting thefluxmeter.3.2.3 effective thermal property, nthermal properties derived from hea

21、t-conduction theory applied to ignition/ flame-spreadignition/flame-spread data treating the material as homogenous in structure.3.2.4 mirror assembly, na mirror, marked and aligned with the viewing rakes, used as an aid for quickly identifying andtracking the flame-front progress.3.2.5 special cali

22、bration board, na specially assembled noncombustible insulating board used for standardizing the operatingcondition of the equipment which is used only to measure the flux distribution at specified intervals along the specimen surface.It shall be roughly 206 5 mm in thickness with a density of 750 6

23、 100 kg/m3.3.2.6 thermally thick, nthe thickness of a medium that is large enough to have the predominate thermal (temperature) effectsexperienced within that distance, that is, negligible heat is lost from its unexposed side.3.2.7 thermal operating level, nthe operating condition at which the radia

24、nce of the heat source produces a specified constantheat flux to some specified position at the specimen surface.3.2.8 viewing rakes, na set of bars with wires spaced at 50-mm intervals for the purpose of increasing the precision of timingflame-front progress along the specimen.3.3 Symbols:b = ignit

25、ion correlation parameter, s1/2.C = flame heat transfer factor, ms/2/kWs1/2.CF = ratio of radiation pyrometer signal to flux incident on dummy specimen as measured during calibration; a linearcorrelation is assumed, mV/(kW/m2).F(t) = specimen thermal response function.F(x) = surface flux configurati

26、on invariant, (kW/m2)/mV.h = heat loss coefficient, kW/m2K.q“e = measured incident flux, kW/m2.q“o,ig = critical flux for ignition, kW/m2.q“o,s = critical flux for spread, kW/m2.t = time, s.t* = characteristic equilibrium time, s.t1 = time at sample insertion, s.t2 = time at ignition, s.tig = igniti

27、on time under incident flux, s.Tig = ignition temperature, C.Ts, min = minimum temperature for spread, C.T = ambient and initial temperature, C.V = flame (pyrolysis front) velocity, m/s.x = longitudinal position along centerline of specimen, m. = flame heating parameter, (kW)2/m3.kc = thermal heatin

28、g property, (kW/m2K)2 s. = surface emissivity.4 Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order ADJE1317.E1321 182 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, kW/m2K4.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of two procedures; one to measure ignition and one to measure lateral-flame spread. Verticallymounted

29、 specimens are exposed to the heat from a vertical air-gas fueled radiant-heat energy source inclined at 15 to the specimen(see Fig. 1).4.1.1 For the ignition test, a series of 155, + 0, 5 mm by 155, + 0, 5 mm specimens (see Fig. 1) are exposed to a nearlyuniform heat flux (see Fig. 2) and the time

30、to flame attachment, using piloted ignition (see Fig. 3), is determined.4.1.2 For the flame spread test, a 155, + 0, 5 mm by 800, + 0, 5 mm specimen (see Fig. 1) is exposed to a graduated heatflux (see Fig. 2) that is approximately 5 kW/m2 higher at the hot end than the minimum heat flux necessary f

31、or ignition; this fluxbeing determined from the ignition test (see 11.2). The specimen is preheated to thermal equilibrium; the preheat time beingderived from the ignition test (see 12.1). After using piloted ignition, the pyrolyzing flame-front progression along the horizontallength of the specimen

32、 as a function of time is tracked. The data are correlated with a theory of ignition and flame spread for thederivation of material flammability properties.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method addresses the fundamental aspects of piloted ignition and flame spread. The procedure is suitable fo

33、r thederivation of relevant material flammability parameters that include minimum exposure levels for ignition, thermal-inertia values,and flame-spread properties.5.2 This test method is used to measure some material-flammability properties that are scientifically constant and compatibleand to deriv

34、e specific properties that allow the prediction and explanation of the flame-spread characteristics of materials. Theyare considered effective properties that are dependent on the correlations used and when combined with theory can be used overa wide range of fire conditions for predicting material

35、ignition and flame-spread behavior.5.3 Do not use this test method for products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces and those products andassemblies in which physical performance such as joint separation and fastening methods has a significant influence on flamepropagation i

36、n actual fire conditions.5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predictchanges in the fi

37、re-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditionsdescribed in this procedure (see also 1.6).6. Apparatus6.1 Dummy Specimens and Backing Boards:6.1.1 This test method requires the use of a dummy specimen board in several instances d

38、uring both calibration and testing. Thedummy specimen shall be a noncombustible insulating board, 20 6 5 mm in thickness, with a density of 750 6 100 kg/m3.6.1.2 For the ignition tests, the dummy specimen board shall have a hole at the 50-mm position, for mounting the fluxmeter.6.1.3 For the purpose

39、 of this test method, backing boards are noncombustible insulating boards 25 6 5 mm thick with a densityno greater than 200 6 50 kg/m3.6.1.4 Use as a special calibration board a dummy specimen, as described in 6.1.1, for measuring the flux distribution along thetest specimen surface.FIG. 1 Schematic

40、 of Apparatus With Ignition SpecimenE1321 1836.2 Test-Equipment FabricationFig. 4 shows a photograph of the equipment as assembled ready for test. Figs. 5 and 6 showschematics of the apparatus.4 These provide engineering information necessary for the fabrication of the main frame, specimenholders, s

41、tack, and other necessary parts of the equipment. Some commercially available units have added safety features that arenot described in the drawings.FIG. 4 General View of ApparatusFIG. 2 Normalized Flux Over SpecimenNOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Pilot Configuration for Ignition Tes

42、tE1321 184NOTE 1The specimen fume stack available in some commercial models is not required for this test procedure.6.3 A brief parts list for the test-equipment assembly includes:6.3.1 Main Frame (see Fig. 5), consisting of two separate sections, the radiant-panel support frame and the specimen sup

43、portframe. The two frame sections shall be joined in a manner that allows adjustments in the relative position of the radiant panel tothe specimen to be made easily.6.3.2 Specimen Holders, to provide for support of the specimen during test; at least two of these are required, and three preventdelays

44、 resulting from required cooling of holders prior to mounting specimens.6.3.3 Radiant Panel, consisting of a radiation surface of porous refractory tiles mounted at the front of a stainless steel plenumchamber to provide a flat radiating surface of approximately 280 by 483 mm. The plenum chamber sha

45、ll include baffle plates anddiffusers to distribute the gas/air mixture evenly over the radiation surface. The gas/air mixture enters the plenum chamber at oneof the short sides to facilitate easy connection when the panel is mounted from the frame. A reverberatory screen (see Fig. 6) isprovided imm

46、ediately in front of the radiating surface to enhance the combustion efficiency and increase the radiant output.6.3.4 Air and Fuel Supply, to support combustion of the radiant panel. The appropriate air and fuel flow-metering devices, gascontrol valves, pressure reducer, and safety controls are all

47、mounted on the panel support frame (see Fig. 5). Requirements are asfollows:6.3.4.1 A regulated air supply of about 8.33 by 103 m3/s at a pressure sufficient to overcome the friction loss through the line,metering device, and radiant panel; the radiant-panel pressure drop amounts to approximately 20

48、 to 30 Pa. A flowmeter suitablefor indicating air flow over the range of 2 to 15 by 103 m3/s shall be provided. A flowmeter suitable for indicating methane flowrates over the range of 0.1 to 1.1 by 103 m3/s shall be provided.6.3.4.2 The fuel gas used shall be either natural gas or methane. A pressur

49、e regulator shall be provided to maintain a constantsupply pressure. Gas is controlled by either a manually adjusted needle valve or a venturi mixer. The venturi mixer will allow oneto control the flux level of the panel by adjusting only the air valve. The fuel gas-flow requirements are roughly 0.26 to 1.03 by103 m3/s at a pressure sufficient to overcome line pressure losses.FIG. 5 Test Apparatus Main Frame, Front ViewFIG. 6 Test Apparatus, Side ViewE1321 185NOTE 2If a venturi mixer is used, the regulated air and fuel gas sup