ASTM D7794-2018a Standard Practice for Blending Mid-Level Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Vehicles with Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines.pdf

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1、Designation: D7794 18D7794 18aStandard Practice forBlending Mid-Level Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-FuelVehicles with Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7794; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio

2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotive spark-ignition engine

3、fuels with ethanol concentrations greater thanthose suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content specification limits of SpecificationD5798. These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as “Etha

4、nolFlex Fuel.”1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable for use in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignitionengines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the requirements ofSpecification D4814, ethanol fuel b

5、lends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798, or any combination of these. In theUnited States, these vehicles are certified by the U.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended from either:1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conf

6、orming to the requirements of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganic chloridecontent that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignition engine fuelconforming to Specification D4814 (often at a distribution terminal or bulk plant), or1

7、.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to Specification D5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to SpecificationD4814 (often at a retail site).1.4 This practice describes the required procedures for blending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel vehiclesat the bulk distri

8、bution point or retail/commercial delivery site.These requirements may be applied at other points in the productionand distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement

9、 are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregula

10、tory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organiz

11、ation Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petr

12、oleum ProductsD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use asAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcoh

13、ols inGasoline by Gas Chromatography1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.02 on Oxygenated Fuels and Components.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018Dec. 1, 2018. Publ

14、ished August 2018December 2018. Originally approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 20142018as D7794 14.D7794 18. DOI: 10.1520/D7794-18.10.1520/D7794-18A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Boo

15、k of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be techni

16、cally possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this s

17、tandardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5501 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol and Methanol Content in Fuels Containing Greater than 20% Et

18、hanol by GasChromatographyD5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective FlameIonization DetectionD5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels

19、 for Volatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsD7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Potential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol and But

20、anol byDirect Injection Suppressed Ion ChromatographyD7328 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Potential Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanolby Ion Chromatography Using Aqueous Sample InjectionD7923 Test Method for Water in Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Blends by Karl F

21、ischer Titration2.2 Other Standards:316 CFR United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, Part 30640 CFR United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 863. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 automotive fuel rating, nthe automot

22、ive fuel rating required under the amended Octane Certification and Posting Rule(or as amended, the Fuel Rating Rule), 16 CFR, Part 306.3.2.1.1 DiscussionUnder this Rule, sellers of liquid automotive fuels, including alternative fuels, must determine, certify, and post an appropriateautomotive fuel

23、rating. The automotive fuel rating for gasoline is the antiknock index (octane rating). The automotive fuel ratingfor alternative liquid fuels consists of the common name of the fuel along with a disclosure of the amount, expressed as a minimumpercentage by volume, of the principal component of the

24、fuel. For alternative liquid automotive fuels, a disclosure of othercomponents, expressed as a minimum percentage by volume, may be included, if desired. This is applicable in the United States.3.2.2 conventional-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed to operate on spark-ignition engine fuel that complie

25、s with SpecificationD4814.3.2.3 denatured fuel ethanol, nfuel ethanol made unfit for beverage use by the addition of denaturants under formula(s)approved by the applicable regulatory agency to prevent the imposition of beverage alcohol tax. D48063.2.4 ethanol, nethyl alcohol, the chemical compound C

26、CH23HCH52OH. D48063.2.5 ethanol fuel blend, na high concentration ethanol-based fuel for flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines and vehicles.3.2.6 flexible-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed to operate on either unleaded both gasoline orand ethanol fuel blends ormixtures and can operate on any mixture

27、of both. D57983.2.6.1 DiscussionIn the United States, these vehicles have U.S. EPA emissions certifications using gasoline complying with U.S. EPA requirementsand ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798.3.2.6.2 DiscussionFlex-fuel vehicle and FFV are commonly used synon

28、yms for flexible-fuel vehicle.3.2.6.3 DiscussionThe fuels may also contain anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and dyes but do not contain lead additives. Ajurisdiction may set limits on lead content from all sources3 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP,

29、Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.D7794 18a23.2.7 fuel blending dispenser, na device for measuring and dispensing fuel, conforming to the standards established by theapplicable regulatory jurisdictions, that can volumetrically combine two di

30、fferent base products into newly formed blendedproducts that may be dispensed through a single hose or multiple hose dispenser configuration.3.2.8 fuel ethanol, na grade of undenatured ethanol with other components common to its production (including water) thatdo not affect the use of the product a

31、s a component for automotive spark-ignition engine fuels. D48063.2.8.1 DiscussionThe common components do not include denaturant.3.2.9 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, generally containing small amounts of additives, suitable for useas a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combusti

32、on engines. D48143.2.10 gasoline-ethanol blend, na fuel consisting primarily of gasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35 mass% oxygen) of ethanol. D48063.2.11 mid-level ethanol fuel blend, nan automotive spark-ignition engine fuel with an ethanol concentration greater thanthose suita

33、ble for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content limit of Specification D5798.3.2.11.1 DiscussionMid-level ethanol fuel blends are often referred to as EXX, where XX represents the nominal percentage of denatured fuel ethanol.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provid

34、es procedures for blending automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrations greaterthan those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content limit of Specification D5798. Itaddresses in detail the various factors which need to be considered when b

35、lending. These considerations include selection of fuelcomponents for blending and general handling information.5. General Requirements5.1 The fuel blending components specified in this practice shall meet the performance requirements of Specifications D4814,and either D5798 or D4806 and all applica

36、ble regulatory fuel requirements.5.2 The blending party, being responsible for the finished product, shall be provided, at the time of delivery of the fuel, onproduct transfer documents, an invoice, bill of lading, shipping paper, or other documentation, a declaration of the product typeand grade of

37、 the fuels that are the intended fuel blending components. It is recommended that the blending party conduct testingand inspections to determine applicable properties that are necessary to ensure the blending of compliant mid-level ethanol fuelblends.5.3 Product transfer documents alone may not be s

38、ufficient to demonstrate conformance.ACertificate ofAnalysis representativeof the fuel being delivered is recommended to ensure compliance.5.4 The fuel blender or testing analyst, or both, is warned that some requirements and test methods applicable to automotivespark-ignition engine fuels depend on

39、 whether the fuel is a gasoline, a gasoline-ethanol blend, or ethanol fuel blend. Once theamount of ethanol is known for the gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blend component and for the Specification D5798 ethanol fuelblend or Specification D4806 fuel ethanol component, the appropriate blending ratios c

40、an be determined for the blending of thetwo components.5.4.1 Test Method D5501 shall be used for determination of the volume percent ethanol for the fuel ethanol component (thatis, high concentration ethanol) and to verify the mid-level blend fuel, and Test Methods D4815 or D5599 shall be used for t

41、hegasoline or gasoline-ethanol blend component (that is, low concentration ethanol).5.5 In order to ensure the presence of no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel or in Specification D5798,the ethanol component specified herein shall meet all the requirements of Specification D4

42、806 with a more restrictive inorganicchloride limit as determined in Test Methods D7319 and D7328. The hydrocarbon blending component specified herein shall meetall the requirements of Specification D4814.5.6 Mid-level ethanol fuel blends shall be visually free of water, sediment, and suspended matt

43、er. It shall be clear and brightat the point and condition of custody transfer and display no indication of phase separation.5.7 The finished fuel shall also be free of any adulterant or contaminant that could render the fuel unacceptable for its commonlyused applications.6. Blending Procedures6.1 T

44、his practice includes procedures for blending mid-level ethanol fuel blends at the bulk distribution terminal and at retailusing a fuel blending dispenser.D7794 18a36.2 A fuel blending plan shall be developed describing the necessary actions needed to achieve the targeted mid-level ethanolfuel blend

45、s and performance expectations of flexible-fuel vehicles.6.2.1 Blending plans utilizing new equipment installation or conversion of existing equipment depend on thorough preparationand planning for the entire fuel system.6.2.2 The investigation and design of the wetted fuel system starts with a revi

46、ew of the flow of the fuel from receipt throughretail delivery ensuring materials compatibility with the blending components and the blended mid-level ethanol fuel blends.6.2.3 Fuel storage and blending systems shall be approved by the jurisdictions in charge of storage tanks, fuel dispensers, andas

47、sociated equipment.6.2.4 If a single hose blending dispenser is used, the entire dispenser shall be dedicated to serving flexible-fuel vehicles. If amultiple hose dispenser configuration is used, one hose may be dedicated to E0 or E10 fuel, and one or more additional hoses maybe dedicated to mid-lev

48、el ethanol fuel blends.6.2.5 Documentation of the findings and changes made during the system review may prove beneficial for the fuel blendersfuture reference.6.2.6 The plan should include a strategy for handling the variability in ethanol and gasoline content in fuels being delivered andshall take

49、 into consideration the design and operational abilities of the blending meters that will be used.6.2.7 This review should apply to the initial handling point at the terminal, through the distribution and transport system, andultimately to the end pointthe retail point of sale.6.3 Determination of Blending Component Properties:6.3.1 It is the responsibility of the suppliers of fuels that will be used for blending mid-level ethanol fuel blends to provide theblending parties with product transfer documents that contain, at a minimum, the information required