ASTM C51-2018 Standard Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used by the Industry).pdf

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1、Designation: C51 18Standard Terminology Relating toLime and Limestone (as used by the Industry)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C51; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n

2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology refers to the terms relating to

3、lime andlimestone products as used by the industry.1.2 Where appropriate, the various terms defined belowshould be prefixed with one or other of the adjectives “high-calcium,” “magnesian,” or “dolomitic.” (Examples: dolomiticquicklime; high-calcium hydraulic hydrated lime; magnesianor dolomitic lime

4、stone.)1.3 The composition of a limestone should be given in termsof a percentage of the carbonates present. In limestone ofinterest to the lime industry, it is usually assumed that thematerial consists almost entirely of carbonates. Where thisassumption is not valid, the percentage of noncarbonate

5、mate-rial should be determined, and the composition expressed interms of the carbonate material present.1.4 For specific application of lime or a limestone product,see the appropriate ASTM specification.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized prin

6、ciples on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C207 Specification for Hydrated

7、 Lime for Masonry Pur-posesC270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC602 Specification for Agricultural Liming MaterialsC1707 Specification for Pozzolanic Hydraulic Lime forStructural Purposes3. Terminologyagricultural limeeither ground quicklime or hydrated limewhose calcium and magnesium cont

8、ent is capable of neu-tralizing soil acidity.agricultural limestoneground or pulverized limestonewhose calcium and magnesium content is capable of neu-tralizing soil acidity.DISCUSSIONAgricultural lime is a very powerful neutralizing agent.Agricultural limestone, often referred to as “aglime” is the

9、 predominatematerial for soil pH adjustment. See Specification C602.air-slaked limethe product containing various proportionsof the oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates of calcium andmagnesium which results from the exposure of quicklime tothe air in sufficient quantity to show physical signs ofhydrat

10、ion (difficult to determine visually in pulverizedquicklime).alkaline earth solutions (AES), nan aqueous solution of theoxide or hydroxide of an element of group IIa in the periodictable, such as calcium or magnesium, which can be stronglyalkaline.available lime indexthose constituents of a lime whi

11、ch enterinto a desired reaction under the conditions of a specificmethod or process.building or construction limea lime whose chemical andphysical characteristics and method of processing make itsuitable for the ordinary or special construction uses of theproduct.by-product lime, na variety of Calci

12、um and/or Calcium/Magnesium compounds that are usable for specific applica-tions but generally do not meet one or more specificationsrequired of primary lime products.DISCUSSIONExamples include lime kiln dust and lime hydratorrejects. It is advised that the specific compositions, physical properties

13、,performance characteristics, and anticipated variabilities of such mate-rials be evaluated for the service intended.calcareousoriginating from predominately calcium carbon-ate or one of its derivative forms.calciathe chemical compound calcium oxide (CaO).1This terminology is under the jurisdiction

14、of ASTM Committee C07 on Limeand Limestone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.08 on Editorialand TerminologyCurrent edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originallyapproved in 1922. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C51 11. DOI:10.1520/C0051-18.2For refere

15、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyrig

16、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internationa

17、l Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1calcined pozzolansmaterials that are produced by calcina-tion of natural siliceous or alumino-siliceous earths, suchcalcination being for the purpose of activation of pozzolani

18、cproperties.Cement-Lime MortarCement-Lime Mortar primarily con-sists of hydraulic cement, hydrated lime or lime putty,masons sand and water.DISCUSSIONThese mortars can be specified by proportions orproperties indicated in Specification C270.chemical limea quicklime or hydrated lime whose chemicaland

19、 physical characteristics and method of processing makeit suitable for one or more of the many and varied chemicaland industrial uses of the product.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in c

20、ombination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, and so forth.dead burned dolomitedolomitic limestone that has beenheated with or without additives t

21、o a temperature sufficientlyhigh and for a long enough time to decompose the carbonatestructure so as to form calcium oxide and periclase in amatrix that provides resistance to subsequent hydration andrecombination with carbon dioxide.dolomiticindicates the presence of 35 to 46 % magnesiumcarbonate

22、(MgCO3) in the limestone from which the materialwas formed.dolomitic limestonesee limestone.di-hydrated or double hydrated limedolomitic lime whichhas been hydrated under greater than atmospheric pressureand contains less than 8 % unhydrated oxides.finishing hydrated limehydrated lime suitable for u

23、se in thefinish coat of plaster.finishing quicklimequicklime suitable (after slaking to alime putty) for use in the finish coat of plaster.fluxing limea term referring to quicklime used as an agent inthe manufacture of steel or glass.fluxstonea term referring to limestone (high-calcium,magnesian, or

24、 dolomitic) used as an agent in the manufac-ture of iron and steel or glass.high-calciumindicates the presence of 0 to 5 % magnesiumcarbonate (MgCO3) in the limestone from which the materialwas formed.high-calcium limestonesee limestone.hydrated limea dry powder obtained by treating quicklimewith wa

25、ter enough to satisfy its chemical affinity for waterunder the conditions of its hydration. It consists essentiallyof calcium hydroxide or a mixture of calcium hydroxide andmagnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide, or both.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2)

26、, magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, and so forth.hydraulic hydra

27、ted limethe hydrated dry cementitiousproduct obtained by calcining a limestone containing silicaand alumina to a temperature short of incipient fusion so asto form sufficient free lime (CaO) to permit hydration, and atthe same time, leaving unhydrated sufficient calcium sili-cates to give a dry powd

28、er meeting hydraulic propertyrequirements.limea general term which includes the various chemical andphysical forms of quicklime, hydrated lime, and hydrauliclime. It may be high-calcium, magnesian, or dolomitic.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesiu

29、m oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, and so forth.lime mortara lime putty m

30、ixed with an aggregate, suitablefor masonry purposes.lime puttythe product obtained by slaking quicklime withwater according to the directions of the manufacturer or bymixing hydrated lime and water to a desired consistency.limestonean initially sedimentary rock consisting chiefly ofcalcium carbonat

31、e or of the carbonates of calcium andmagnesium. Limestone may be of high calcium, magnesian,or dolomitic.(1) dolomitic limestonelimestone containing from 35 to46 % magnesium carbonate (MgCO3).(2) magnesium limestonea limestone containing from 5to 35 % MgCO3.(3) high-calcium limestonea limestone cont

32、aining from0 to 5 % MgCO3.liming materiala general term which includes the variouschemical and physical forms of matierals such as lime,limestone, mollusk shells, marl, byproduct lime, and slagwhose calcium and magnesium compounds are capable ofneutralizing acidity.magnesiathe chemical compound magn

33、esium oxide (MgO).magnesianindicates the presence of 5 to 35 % magnesiumcarbonate (MgCO3) in the limestone from which the materialwas formed.magnesian limestonesee limestone.masons hydrated limehydrated lime suitable for use formasonry purposes.masons quicklimequicklime suitable (after slaking to a

34、limeputty) for use for masonry purposes.milk of limea suspension of hydrated lime (or slakedquicklime) in water in such proportions as to resemble milkin appearance.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)

35、2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forC51182example, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, and so forth.mono-hydrated limedolomitic lime which has been hy-drated at atmo

36、spheric pressure and contains more than 8 %unhydrated oxides.natural pozzolansmaterials that, in the natural state, exhibitpozzolanic properties, such as some volcanic ash and lavadeposits.non-volatileterm used to denote the calculated chemicalbasis of a material in which the volatile fraction of th

37、atmaterial is removed, relative to a specific temperature. Forexample, in lime and limestone, the loss on ignition isconsidered to be the volatile fraction.pHthe negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration,which can be greatly affected by temperature, particularlyunder alkaline conditions.

38、It is therefore important to mea-sure alkaline earth solutions (AES) at a specific recom-mended temperature of 25C.plasticitya comparative physical property of a standardconsistency lime putty to resist the loss of plastic stateworkability when subjected to pressure against the suction ofan absorpti

39、ve surface as measured by the Emley Plasticime-ter.Portland Cement-Lime Mortar (PCL)See Cement-LimeMortar.pozzolana siliceous or alumino-siliceous material that initself possesses little or no cementitious value but that infinely divided form and in the presence of moisture willchemically react with

40、 alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides atordinary temperatures to form or assist in forming com-pounds possessing cementitious properties.pozzolanic hydraulic lime (PHL), na powder produced bythe blending or intergrinding of not less than 25 % by binderweight of Specification C207 Type S hydrated lim

41、e with oneor more pozzolan and inert filler. Type N hydrated lime ofSpecification C207 shall be used if shown to be notdetrimental to the soundness of the material.DISCUSSIONSpecification C1707 modifies this definition with theaddition of air entrainment or cement.quicklimea calcined limestone, the

42、major part of which iscalcium oxide or calcium oxide in association with magne-sium oxide, capable of slaking with water.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced e

43、itherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, and so forth.quicklime sizesthe different sizes depending upon the typeof limestone, kind of kiln used, or treatment subsequent

44、tocalcining. The sizes commonly recognized are as follows:(1) large lump8 in. (203 mm) and smaller,(2) pebble or crushed212 in. (64 mm) and smaller,(3) ground, screened or granular14 in. (6.4 mm) andsmaller, and(4) pulverizedsubstantially all passing a No. 20 (850-m) sieve.reactivityreactivity is th

45、e reaction between substances,which can be monitored by some measure, either qualitativeor quantitative. In the Lime Industry, it is commonly used torefer to the reaction between limestone, quicklime and/or arelated material and another substance such as water, acid orSOxrefractory limelime (usually

46、 of a dolomitic type) that hasbeen extremely hard burned so that it will possess little or notendency for conversion of the oxides to hydroxides.run-of-kiln quicklimequicklime as drawn or dischargedfrom a kiln.slakingthe chemical reaction that produces hydrated limewhen quicklime and water are mixed

47、.spray limea hydrated lime of such fineness that at least 95 %of the particles will pass a No. 325 (45-m) sieve.stuccoan exterior cementious-lime-finishing system appliedto a suitable substrate on the surfaces of buildings andstructures.white washa combination of hydrated lime (or slakedquicklime),

48、water, and other materials to be used as apaintlike coating.C51183SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C51 11)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2018.)(1) Revised alkaline earth solutions and b

49、y-product lime defi-nitions to conform to ASTM Form and Style.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every f