ACI 325 12R-2002 Guide for Design of Jointed Concrete Pavements for Streets and Local Roads《大街和地方道路用接缝式混凝土铺面的设计指南》.pdf

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1、Guide for Designof Jointed Concrete Pavementsfor Streets and Local RoadsReported by ACI Committee 325ACI 325.12R-02(Reapproved 2013)Guide for Design of Jointed Concrete Pavementsfor Streets and Local RoadsMarch 2013printingISBN 978-0-87031-076-8American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledge

2、Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees r

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10、 may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 32

11、5.12R-02 became effective January 11, 2002.Copyright 2002, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or rec

12、ording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, and Commentariesare intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing,and inspecti

13、ng construction. This document is intended for theuse of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendationsand who will accept responsibility for the application of thematerial it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaimsany and all

14、 responsibility for the stated principles. The Instituteshall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theysha

15、ll be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Guide for Design of Jointed Concrete Pavements for Streets and Local RoadsReported by ACI Committee 325This guide provides a perspective on a balanced combination of pavementthickness, drainage, and subbase or subgrade m

16、aterials to achieve anacceptable pavement system for streets and local roads. Such concretepavements designed for low volumes of traffic (typically less than 100trucks per day, one way) have historically provided satisfactory perfor-mance when proper support and drainage conditions exist. Recommenda

17、tionsare presented for designing a concrete pavement system for a low volumeof traffic and associated joint pattern based upon limiting the stresses inthe concrete or, in the case of reinforced slabs, maintaining the cracks in atightly closed condition. Details for designing the distributed reinforc

18、ingsteel and the load transfer devices are given, if required.The thickness design of low-volume concrete pavements is based on theprinciples developed by the Portland Cement Association and others foranalyzing an elastic slab over a dense liquid subgrade, as modified by fieldobservations and extend

19、ed to include fatigue concepts.Keywords: dowel; flexural strength; joint; pavement; portland cement;quality control; reinforced concrete; slab-on-grade; slipform; subbase;tie bar; welded wire fabric.CONTENTS Chapter 1General, p. 21.1Introduction1.2Scope1.3Background1.4DefinitionsChapter 2Pavement ma

20、terial requirements, p. 52.1Support conditions2.2Properties of concrete paving mixturesChapter 3Pavement thickness design, p. 93.1Basis of design3.2Traffic3.3Thickness determination3.4Economic factorsDavid J. Akers Luis A. Garcia Paul E. Mueller Raymond S. RollingsRichard O. Albright Nader Ghafoori

21、Jon I. Mullarky Kieran G. SharpWilliam L. Arent Ben Gompers Theodore L. Neff Terry W. ShermanJamshid M. Armaghani W. Charles Greer Emmanuel B. Owusu-Antwi James M. Shilstone, Sr.Donald L. Brogna John R. Hess Dipak T. Parekh Bernard J. SkarNeeraj J. Buch*Mark K. Kaler Thomas J. Pasko, Jr. Shiraz D. T

22、ayabjiArchie F. CarterRoger L. Larsen*Ronald L. Peltz Suneel N. VanikarLawrence W. Cole*Gary R. Mass Robert W. Piggott David P. WhitneyRussell W. Collins William W. Mein David W. Pittman James M. WillsonMohamed M. Darwish James C. Mikulanec Steven A. RaganDan G. Zollinger*Al Ezzy*Significant contrib

23、utors to the preparation of this document. The committee would also like to acknowledge the efforts of Robert V. Lopez and Dennis Grabe.Jack A. ScottChairmanNorbert J. DelatteSecretaryACI 325.12R-02(Reapproved 2013)2 DESIGN OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS FOR STREETS AND LOCAL ROADS (ACI 325.12R-02)Am

24、erican Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgChapter 4Pavement jointing, p. 134.1Slab length and related design factors4.2Transverse joints4.3Longitudinal joints4.4Isolation joints and expansion joints4.5Slab reinforcement4.6Irregular panels4.7Contraction joint sealants Chapter 5Sum

25、mary, p. 21Chapter 6References, p. 216.1Referenced standards and reports6.2Cited referencesAppendix APavement thickness design concepts, p. 24A.1Load stresses and fatigue calculationsAppendix BSubgrade, p. 27B.1IntroductionB.2Soil classificationB.3Subgrade soilsB.4Expansive soilsB.5Frost actionB.6Pu

26、mpingAppendix CJointing details for pavements and appurtenances, p. 30CHAPTER 1GENERAL1.1IntroductionThe design of a concrete pavement system for a low trafficvolume extends beyond the process of pavement thicknessselection; it entails an understanding of the processes and thefactors that affect pav

27、ement performance. It also encompassesappropriate slab jointing and construction practices that areconsistent with local climatic and soil conditions.Concrete pavements for city streets and local roads are oftenused in residential areas and business districts, and in ruralareas to provide farm-to-ma

28、rket access for the movement ofagricultural products. The term “low volume” refers to pave-ments subject to either heavy loads but few vehicles, or lightloads and many vehicles. City streets and local roads also servean aesthetic function because they are integrated into the land-scape and architect

29、ure of a neighborhood or business district.Concrete pavement performs well for city street and localroad applications because of its durability while being contin-uously subjected to traffic and, in some cases, severe climaticconditions. Because of its relatively high stiffness, concretepavements sp

30、read the imposed loads over large areas of thesubgrade and are capable of resisting deformation caused bypassing vehicles. Concrete pavements exhibit high wear resis-tance and can be easily cleaned if necessary. Traffic lane mark-ings can be incorporated into the jointing pattern where theconcretes

31、light-reflective surface improves visibility. Concretepavement surfaces drain well on relatively flat slopes.The major variables likely to affect the performance of awell-designed concrete pavement system for city streets andlocal roads are traffic, drainage, environment, construction,and maintenanc

32、e. Each of these factors may act separately orinteract with others to cause deterioration of the pavement.Due to the nature of traffic on city streets and local roads, theeffects of environment, construction, and maintenance canplay more significant roles in the performance than traffic.Nonetheless,

33、 complete information may not be availableregarding certain load categories that make up the mixtureof traffic carried on a given city street or local road.1.2ScopeThis guide covers the design of jointed plain concretepavements (JPCP) for use on city streets and local roads(driveways, alleyways, and

34、 residential roads) that carry lowvolumes of traffic. This document is intended to be used inconjunction with ACI 325.9R. References are provided ondesign procedures and computer programs that consider designin greater detail. This guide emphasizes the aspects of concretepavement technology that are

35、 different from procedures usedfor design of other facilities such as highways or airports.1.3BackgroundThe thickness of concrete pavement is generally designed to limit tensile stresses produced within the slab by vehicle loading, and temperature and moisture changes within the slab. Model studies

36、and full-scale, accelerated traffic tests have shown that maximum tensile stresses in concrete pave-ments occur when vehicle wheel loads are close to a free or unsupported edge in the midpanel area of the pavement. Stresses resulting from wheel loadings applied near interior longitudinal or transver

37、se joints are lower, even when good load transfer is provided by the joints. Therefore, the critical stress condition occurs when a wheel load is applied near the pavements midslab edge. At this location, integral curbs or thickened edge sections can be used to decrease the design stress. Thermal ex

38、pansion and contraction, and warping and curling caused by moisture and temperature differentials within the pavement can cause a stress increase that may not have been accounted for in the thickness design procedure. The point of crack initiation often indicates whether unex-pected pavement crackin

39、g is fatigue-induced or environmen-tally induced due to curling and warping behavior. Proper jointing practice, discussed in Chapter 4, reduces these stresses to acceptable levels.Concrete pavement design focuses on limiting tensile stressesby properly selecting the characteristics of the concrete s

40、lab.The rigidity of concrete enables it to distribute loads overrelatively large areas of support. For adequately designedpavements, the deflections under load are small and thepressures transmitted to the subgrade are not excessive.Although not a common practice, high-strength concrete canbe used a

41、s an acceptable option to increase performance.Because the load on the pavement is carried primarily bythe concrete slab, the strength of the underlying material(subbase) has a relatively small effect on the slab thicknessneeded to adequately carry the design traffic. Subbase layersdo not contribute

42、 significantly to the load-carrying capacity ofthe pavement. A subbase, besides providing uniform support,DESIGN OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS FOR STREETS AND LOCAL ROADS (ACI 325.12R-02) 3American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgprovides other important functions, such as pum

43、ping andfaulting prevention, subsurface drainage, and a stableconstruction platform under adverse conditions.Thickness design of a concrete pavement focuses on concrete strength, formation support, load transfer conditions, and design traffic. Design traffic is referred to within the context of the

44、traffic categories listed in Chapter 3. Traffic distribu-tions that include a significant proportion of axle loads greater than 18 kip (80 kN) single-axle loads and 34 kip (150 kN) tandem-axle loads may require special consideration with respect to overloaded pavement conditions.Like highway pavemen

45、ts, city streets and local roads havehigher deflections and stresses from loads applied near theedges than from loads imposed at the interior of the slab.Lower-traffic-volume pavements are usually not subjectedto the load stresses or the pumping action associated withheavily loaded pavements.In most

46、 city street applications, concrete pavements havethe advantage of curbs and gutters tied to the pavement edgeor placed integrally with the pavements. Curb sections act tocarry part of the load, thereby reducing the critical stressesand deflections that often occur at the edges of the slab.Widened l

47、anes can also be used to reduce edge stresses in asimilar manner. Dowel bars on the transverse joints aretypically not required for low-volume road applications except,in some cases, at transverse construction joints; however,they may be considered in high truck-traffic situationswhere pavement desi

48、gn thicknesses of 8 in. (200 mm) orgreater are required.Roadway right-of-way should accommodate more thanjust the pavement section, especially in urban areas. Thepresence of utilities, sewers, manholes, drainage inlets, trafficislands, and lighting standards need to be considered inthe general desig

49、n of the roadway. Provisions for theseappurtenances should be considered in the design of thejointing system and layout. Proper backfilling techniques overburied utilities also need to be followed to provide uniformand adequate support to the pavement.1Intersections are a distinguishing feature contributing tothe major difference between highways and local pavements.Intersection geometries need to be considered in the designof the jointing system and layout. Slabs at intersections maydevelop more than a single critical fatigue location due totraff