2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第四部分专题3并列句和状语从句讲义.doc
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1、1专题 3 并列句和状语从句框架结构图连词的分类连词常分为并列连词(也叫等立连词)和从属连词两大类。并列句与并列连词的核心考点1.并列句的基本概念并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成的。在并列句中,这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。2.常见的并列连词(1)表示递进或顺承关系:常用的并列连词有 and,not only.but (also).等。He had plenty of money and he spent it freely.Not only did he speak more correctly,but he (also) spoke mo
2、re easily.(2)表示选择关系:常用的并列连词有 or,either.or.等。Either you are right,or I am.(3)表示转折关系:常用的并列连词有 but,yet,whereas 等。Jane said she was ill,yet I saw her in the street just now.Some of the studies show positive results,whereas others do not.(4)表示因果关系:常用的并列连词有 so,for 等。It must have rained last night,for it i
3、s wet all over.The shops were closed,so I didnt get any milk.(5)when 也可用作并列连词,意为“那时,这时” ,相当于 and at this/that time。常用于下列句式:sb.was doing sth.when.;sb.was about to do/going to do/on the 2point of doing sth.when.;sb.had (just) done sth.when.。We were having a meeting when someone broke in.We were about
4、to set off when it suddenly began to rain.(6)while 作为并列连词,意为“而,却” ,表示对比。He likes pop music,while I am fond of folk music.从属连词与状语从句一、时间状语从句1.before 引导的从句中不用否定式谓语。常用如下句型:It will be long before.(得过好久才)It will not be long before.(过不了多久就)It was long before.(过了好久才)It was not long before.(过了不久就)2.since 后面所
5、用动词不同,该动词所表示动作持续时间的计算方法也不同。Error!It is two years since he joined the army.他参军两年了。It is two years since he smoked.他戒烟两年了。3.as,when,while 用法一览表。类别 作用 例句asas 表示“当的时候” ,往往和when/while 通用,但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。She came up as I was cooking.(同时)The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)when(at or d
6、uring the time that)既可以表示在某一点的时候,又可表示在某一段时间内,主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)When we were at school,we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)whilewhile 意思是“当的时候”或“在某一段时间里” 。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生,从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在 when 表示 a period of time 时,两者可以互换。Please dont talk
7、so loud while others are working.He fell asleep while/when reading.Strike while the iron is hot.(不可用 as 或 when,这里的3while 意思是“趁”)4.引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有:(1)till,not.until.,untilDont get off the bus until it has stopped.He waited for his father until/till it was twelve oclock.(2)hardly/scarcely.when.,no
8、sooner.than.表示“刚就”We had hardly got/Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain.No sooner had he arrived/He had no sooner arrived than she started complaining.(3)directly,immediately,the moment,the minute,the instant,as soon as 意为“一就”He made for the door directly he heard the knock.The
9、moment he saw his mother,he burst into tears.(4)each time,every timeEach time he came to my city,he would call on me.二、让步状语从句1.although 与 though 可以引导让步状语从句,不能与 but 连用,但可以与 yet 连用。Although/Though they are poor,(yet) they are warm-hearted.2.even if 或 even though 引导让步状语从句,表示“即使” “纵然” ,用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质。
10、Ill get there even if/though I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air.3.no matter 后接 who,what,where,how 等疑问词引导让步状语从句,也可以在这类疑问词后面加上-ever 构成 whoever,whatever,wherever,however 等。但在引导名词性从句时,只能用“疑问词-ever”类词。Dont trust him,no matter what/whatever he says.I will eat whatever you give me.No
11、matter how/However hard the work is,youd better try to do it well.4.as 也可以引导让步状语从句,需将从句中的表语、状语以及谓语中的实义动词提前至从句句首,引起倒装;作表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词,冠词需省去。though 引导的从句也可以倒装,但 although 引导的不可以。Child as/though he is,he knows a lot.Much as I like it,I wont buy.Try as he would,he couldnt lift the heavy box.45.while 也可以引
12、导让步状语从句,表示“尽管” ,比 though/although 语气弱。while 引导的让步状语从句一般要位于句首。三、原因状语从句:because,as,since,now that1.表示不知道的原因时用 because,即说话人认为听话人不知道,因此 because 从句是全句最重要的部分,通常它被置于主句之后。You want to know why Im leaving?Im leaving because Im fed up with the boss.2.表示已经知道的原因时用 as 或 since,即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显,或已为听话人所熟悉,因此它是句中不太重要
13、的部分。since 要比 as 正式一些,它们通常被置于主句之前,但有时却相反。Seeing all of the children already seated,he said, “Since everyone is here,lets start.”3.下列情况下只能使用 because:(1)在回答 why 的问句时;(2)在用于强调句型时;(3)被 not 所否定时。四、地点状语从句:where,wherever 等Make a mark wherever you have any questions.We will go where the Party directs us.五、目的
14、状语从句:that,so that,in order that注意:目的状语从句中的谓语动词常与情态动词连用,否则可能是结果状语从句,不可置于句首。He got up early so that he could catch the early train.六、结果状语从句:that,so that,so.that.,such.that.注意:so形容词/副词that 从句;such名词that 从句。She is so good that we all like her.He is such a good teacher that we all respect him.七、方式状语从句:as
15、,as if/thoughIll do as I am told.It looks as if it is going to rain.八、条件状语从句:if,unless,so/as long as,in case,once,on condition that等You can use my bike as long as you return it on time.九、比较状语从句:than;(not)as/so.as.;not the same as; the比较级,the5比较级He works as hard as others.We treat boys exactly the sa
16、me as girls.The sun is much bigger than the earth.The more you eat,the fatter you will be.(一)在书面表达中往往缺乏并列句意识,主要存在以下两个方面的倾向:1.机械排列简单句I believe I am fit for it.Im writing to apply for the position.如果我们把意义相关的这两个句子用适当的连词连接起来,可得到下面的句子:I believe I am fit for it,so Im writing to apply for the position.比较一下
17、,同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢?并列连词的使用可增强句子之间的逻辑性和美感,使句子之间显得更加紧凑。2.逗号连接两个简单句Im enthusiastic and easy-going,Im easy to get along with and can cooperate well with others.在该句中含有两个简单句,中间用逗号起了连接作用,显然这是不符合英语语法规则的。我们不妨做如下改动:Im enthusiastic and easy-going,so Im easy to get along with and can cooperate well with others.(
18、二)对于状语从句,在实际运用中主要存在以下问题:1.从句意识缺乏The Expo is very attractive.We are all eager to pay a visit to it.The Expo is so attractive that we are all eager to pay a visit to it.通过比较不难发现,后句比前句更加紧凑且逻辑性强,增强了交际效果。2.状语从句成分残缺(误)Please close the doors and windows before leave the classroom.(正)Please close the doors
19、and windows before you leave the classroom.由于受汉语的干扰,第一句中状语从句中漏掉了主语。3.连接词误用6(误)Teachers and parents should respect us no matter we are in or outside school.(正)Teachers and parents should respect us whether we are in or outside school.这两句尽管从汉语角度来看意思相同,但是从语法角度 no matter 一般后跟特殊疑问词,而 whether 可直接引导状语从句。(误
20、)Though he is considered a great writer,but his works are not widely read.(正)Though he is considered a great writer,his works are not widely read.在让步状语从句中,though 和 although 不能与 but 连用。考向 1 并列句中的并列连词.单句语法填空1.I am not afraid of tomorrow,for I have seen yesterday and I love today.(2016北京)解析 句意为:我并不害怕明天
21、,因为我已经历了昨天并热爱今天。根据句意可知,句子前后为因果关系,故答案为 for。2.It was time for her to have a new baby,and it was also time for the young panda to be independent.(2016四川)解析 句意为:是时候再生一个孩子了,熊猫宝宝也到独立的时候了。It was time for.和it was also time for.之间是并列关系,故用 and 连接。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.At the end of our trip,I told my father tha
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