2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第三部分专题3介词讲义.doc

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1、1专题 3 介词框架结构图介词的句法功能1.介词不能单独使用，但“介词宾语”构成的介词短语可在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。2.介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、疑问词不定式、wh-从句等。介词的核心考点介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。1.介词搭配(1)“动词介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“夺去，除去”意义的动词与 of 连用)supply us with food/f

2、ill the glass with wine(表示 “供给”意义的动词与 with 连用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作，制造”意义的动词与 of，from，into 连用)“介词the部位”与动词的关系(动词sb.s部位，可换用)strike him on the head(表示“击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与 on 连用)catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与 by 连用)hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；

3、胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器官名词与 in 连用)prevent(stop，keep) sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意义的动词与 from 连2用)persuade(advise，warn) sb.into doing sth.(表示“说服；建议；警告”意义的动词与 into 连用)buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表示“得失”意义的动词与 for 连用)tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与 to 连用)give(allow，promise，pa

4、ss，hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与 to 连用)注意：可换成 buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest，explain ，apologize，murmur，whisper 等与“对象”连用必须用 to)不可说 suggest sb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter 回信，sing/dance to the music 和着音乐唱/跳，amount to 达到，加起来有，devote.to 把贡献给，drink to 为干杯，obj

5、ect to 反对，look forward to 渴望，come to 苏醒，belong to 属于；search for 搜索，ask for请求，use.for 把用作，leave for 前往，take.for 把误以为，call for 要求，wait for 等待，care for 喜欢，make up for 弥补；turn to 求助/救于，help oneself to 随意，agree to 同意，compare.to 把比作，send for 派人去请/拿，sail for 驶向，起航，set out for 动身去，go in for 爱好(3)常见的“形容词介词”搭

6、配。be worthy of 值得的，be far from 离远，be grateful to sb.for sth.为某事感激某人，be free from 没有/免除，be proud of 为自豪，be satisfied with/by 对满意，be sure of/about 确信，be fond of 喜欢，be fit for 适合，be busy with sth./in doing sth.忙着做某事，be full of 充满，be ready for 准备，be similar to 与相似(4)“名词介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。the absence of water

7、缺水the hope of success 成功的希望have a chance of/for entering college 上大学的机会take pride in them 为他们感到骄傲the key to the question 问题的答案a medicine for cough 治咳嗽的药the ticket for tomorrow 明天的票his absence Error!the way Error!32.核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词 in 的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词 in，如：in the 1990s，in the

8、 year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。注意：in five days(weeks，months，years)中 in 意为“在以后” 。(2)表示具体的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上，常用 on。on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morni

9、ngon Christmas Day(区别 at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve(在圣诞节前夕)，on Childrens Dayon March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening) of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别 in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night，on warm winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一时间点用 at，如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at sixat n

10、oon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15，at the time of war(区别 in time of danger/trouble)注意：有些时间名词前不接介词，如 next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years。one，each，any，every，some，all 修饰时间名词时，一般不用介词，如 some day，one day，all afternoon。(4)till，until 的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词

11、连用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用 till 而用 until。Not until 9 a.m.did Mr Smith come back to school.(5)in，later，after 的用法。in一段时间：表示说话时为起点的一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在之内”时，用于各种时态。一段时间later(later 是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。4after一段时间：表示“在之后”

12、 ，用于一般过去时；但时间为时间点时，只能用after，即 after时间点，用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，in一段时间stime 与 within一段时间的用法如下：in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days ti

13、me.(与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表语)Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在之内”)(6)地点介词 at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。at 在较小的场所；in 在较大的场所；on 在的平面上。如 at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in

14、Asia，on the desk，on the wall 等。on，at，in，off 还可以表示两地的相对位置。若 A 地属于 B 地，用 in；A 地位于 B 地的外面且有边缘衔接，用 on；无边缘的衔接，用 to；A 在 B 附近，用 off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内)Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.

15、(相隔一定距离)across 在物体表面“穿过” ；through 则表示在三维空间内部“穿过” 。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over，above 译作“在之上” ；under，below 译作“在的下面” ，其区别在于over，under 表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而 above，below 则表示一般的“高于”或“低于” ，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下” 。A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the r

16、iver.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线).The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词。by the year/hour/day 按年/小时/天。如：5He rents a house by the year(day，hour).(注意 to the pound 按磅算，to the ton 按吨计)。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail 邮寄，by telephone(radio)(但 on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity 用电，b

17、y machinery 用机器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicycle，on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外：by means of 用 方法；by way of 经由，

18、取道于，用 方法；with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.s help(permission)在某人的帮助(许可)下。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具/器械)One smells with his nose.(with人体器官，区别 by hand 手工，用手)He stood up with pride.(with情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用 in。如：in English(ink，pencil)。(8)表示“除之外”的常用词。besides 除以外(还有)。作副

19、词时意为“而且，更何况” 。There will be five of us for dinner，besides John.It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.except 除去，除之外(不再有)。We all went except John.注意：在否定句中，besides 与 except 可以换用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for 除了(对句子主要意思进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或what 从句，此时与“except tha

20、t句子”意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but 与 except6but 和 except 在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用 but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用 but。He has not

21、hing to do but wait.(前有 do，后省 to)(C)but 与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不做某事，can not help but do sth.不得不做某事，but for.若不是(9)between 与 amongbetween 通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.T

22、hey soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among 表示三者以上之间。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.

23、We must agree among ourselves.(在内部达成一致)London is among the largest cities.(one of，可与最高级连用)(10)表原因的介词(短语)for，because of，due to。He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your c

24、areless driving.(11)不定式的复合结构中的 for，of。这里所说的不定式的复合结构形式指的是 for 或 of 加上人或事，作动词不定式的逻辑主语的结构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：It is adj.of/for sb.to do sth.中，如果表语形容词是说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用 of；如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等时则用 for。7(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。after，since，till/until

25、，before 这些词既是介词，又可作连词。They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词)The children went home at once after school.(介词)in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond 等介词可兼作副词。He ran down the hill.(介词)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副词)有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。All the students got to school befor

26、e me.(介词)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)Havent I seen you before？(副词)(13)介词的省略。某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。要求接 to 的名词有：key，answer，solution，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，roa

27、d 等。The key to success is preparation.要求接 in 的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert 等。He is an expert in teaching little children.1.句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少Error!Error!2.因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成的语句混乱、搭配不当等错误(误)I often come to school take bus，but sometimes I come by my fathers car.(正)I often come to school by bus，bu

28、t sometimes I come in my fathers car.3.英汉差异造成的介词错用Error!Error!Error!Error!8Error!Error!考向 1 常见介词的考查.单句语法填空1.I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home for dinner，get a few cooking tips from her.(2018浙江)解析 此处指去母亲家吃饭，表示目的用介词 for，故填 for。2.This trend，which was started by the medical community

29、(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease.(2017全国)解析 此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词 as。3.After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree in engineering or architecture.(2017全国)解

30、析 关于某个专业的学位要用介词 in。a degree in engineering or architecture 工程学或建筑学学位。4.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat with their hands.(2016全国)解析 with ones hands 用某人的手。介词 with 意为“用” 。5.The mother continued to care for the young panda for more than two y

31、ears.(2016四川)解析 “for时间段”表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。6.For those who fly to Guilin，its only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.(2015全国)解析 根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程” 。 “by交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。7.One day，the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great

32、 efforts to run away，she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living without the cow.(2015广东)解析 根据文意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此 Johnson 一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填 without。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)91.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years.(2018全国)解

33、析 时间名词有 every，each，last 等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除 for。2.Still I was unwilling to play the games them sometimes.(2018全国)forwith解析 play the games with sb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏” ，故把 for 改为 with。3.One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy a shop window.(2015全国)onin解析

34、 玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词 in。4.My soccer coach retired in last week.(2015陕西)解析 last week 上个星期，前面无需加介词。考向 2 短语搭配中的介词.单句语法填空1.I was searching for these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing.(2018全国)解析 search for 寻找，为固定搭配。2.It (the first underground passenger railway) ran for just under seven kil

35、ometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017全国)解析 travel to and from work 上下班。3.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.(2016全国)解析 go back to 为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到” 。4.Most of us are more focused on

36、 our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.(2016全国)解析 be focused on 专心于，集中于，为固定短语。5.When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day；at the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015全国)解析 at the same time 意为“同时” ，

37、是一个常用的介词短语。106.He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.(2015广东)解析 句意为：他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用短语exchange.for.，故填介词 for。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class toactiv

38、ity.(2018全国)解析 (be) eager to do sth.渴望做某事，为固定搭配。2.It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle the onofroad.(2017全国)解析 in the middle of.在的中间，是固定搭配。3.They have also bought for some gardening tools.(2017全国)解析 表示“买某物”直接用 buy sth.。buy 还可用于 buy sb.sth.或 buy sth.for sb.，表示“为某人买某物” 。4.Whe

39、n I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.(2017全国)解析 realize 认识到，意识到，是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语。5.My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of oftime.(2016全国)解析 固定短语 dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事” 。6.While they chatted，my father would lift my sister and me up to s

40、it the inontop of the fridge.(2016浙江)解析 on the top of.为固定搭配，意为“在的上面/顶端” 。故将 in 改成 on。7.Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.(2016四川)解析 go shopping 去购物；go on shopping 继续购物。8.Please help with me and give me some advice.(2015四川)解析 动词 help 为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故删除 with。9.Unfortunately， the devel

41、opment of industrialization，the environment has onwithbeen polluted.(2015全国)11解析 with the development of.为固定短语，意为“随着的发展” 。.单句语法填空1.It has no religious significance；the founders of the movement adopted it in honor of Switzerland.2.“If you see us， ” Velez tells them， “dont hide！We have come to rescue

42、you， ” Velez gives his presentations in English.3.He spent all day helping others，handing out charity to the poor，and looking after abandoned animals.Very seldom did he ever do that for anything.4.Many of my friends met on Wednesday in the early morning to go to a specific parking lot sale held at a

43、 store.5.The global journey is led by an expedition leader，Steve Moore，in memory of his father，a firefighter who died of lung cancer at the age of 63.6.The paper had fallen down between the desk and the wall.7.Thanks to the Internet，there are many ways to make friends now without even leaving your h

44、ome.8.An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.9.Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients by name，not case number.10.Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek to food safety problems.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.Its easy to say sorry，but who will mak

45、e up the loss? for2.The book Im reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain.3.Mr Johnson is a hard-working teacher.Every day，he spends too much time withonhis work.4.Gradually，I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college.5.There had been a terrible ac

46、cident on the highway and， a result，there foraswas a long line of traffic for at least six miles.6.But on today，at this special time，I just want to tell you loudly：I love you，Mom!7.To begin with，all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only 12when we have a real need.8.When I tore a

47、part my fifth birthday toy train，my father said， “Thats it.No more toys you.”tofor9.Sometimes，human beings are too cruel their best friendsanimals.atto10.I agree to his suggestion condition that he drops all charges.inon.语法填空(介词专练)I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1.with a balloon ti

48、ed to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was，they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2.for them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3.on their own，without any children or friends.After I went back

49、to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it，and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4.to me.Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid 5.for them.All of us were nearly 6.in tears：the couple，the manager，th