SANS 10187-1-2009 Load securement on vehicles Part 1 General requirements《车辆负载稳当性 第1部分 一般要求》.pdf

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1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA

2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any

3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22586-5 SANS 10187-1:2009Edition 1.1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Load securement on vehicles Part 1: General requirements Published by

4、SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 10187-1:2009 Edition 1.1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Amdt 1 2009 Amended to delete the figure on forces acting on loads. Foreword This Sout

5、h African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 1067, Cargo restraints for land transportation, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This document was published in June 2009. This document supersedes SANS 101

6、87-1:2006 (edition 1). A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment No. 1. Reference is made in 5.1.2.8 to the “relevant national legislation“. In South Africa this means the National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act No. 93 of 1996) (as amended from time t

7、o time) and its Regulations. SANS 10187 consists of the following parts, under the general title Load securement on vehicles: Part 1: General requirements. Part 2: General freight. Part 3: Metal loads. Part 4: Timber and sugar cane. Part 5: Loose bulk loads. Part 6: Containers. Part 7: Abnormal load

8、s. Part 8: Dangerous goods. Part 9: Glass sheeting. Introduction The various Road Traffic Regulations require that any load carried by a vehicle on a public road be adequately contained and securely fastened, and in such a manner that it does not constitute a hazard to other road users. The object o

9、f this standard is to provide operators, drivers, and loading staff with guidance on general basic safety principles and to recommend particular precautions that can be taken to ensure the safe carriage of some of the more common types of load. Because of the great variety of loads, vehicles, and op

10、erating conditions, it is not possible to cover all the circumstances likely to be encountered by operators, and this standard can therefore not be regarded as exhaustive or exclusive. In cases where no direct reference to a specific type of load can be found in this standard, the safety can still b

11、e judged by the extent of the adherence to the criteria described in this standard, which are applicable to all load securing systems. In addition to the safe securing methods described in this standard, extra precautions are required by law when dangerous goods are transported, for example toxic an

12、d corrosive chemicals and flammable substances. In these cases, the relevant Road Traffic Regulations have to be applied. As the various Road Traffic Regulations will always take precedence over the recommendations of the standard, the user of this standard should be fully conversant with the curren

13、t applicable regulations. SANS 10187-1:2009 Edition 1.1 1 Contents Page Foreword Introduction 1 Scope . 3 2 Normative references. 3 3 Definitions. 4 4 Safety problems associated with the carrying of loads 4 4.1 General . 4 4.2 Braking forces . 5 4.3 Securing systems 5 5 Basic precautions. 5 5.1 Basi

14、c criteria for load securement. 5 5.2 Load distribution and arrangement on vehicles 9 6 Strength of securing systems. 9 6.1 Forces involved. 9 6.2 Anchorages. 10 6.3 Headboard 12 7 Load securing equipment. 12 7.1 Selection . 12 7.2 Clamps 13 7.3 Steel-wire ropes 13 7.4 Chains. 14 7.5 Hooks, rings an

15、d shackles 14 7.6 Harness and nets14 7.7 Rope 14 7.8 Webbing 15 7.9 Tensioners 16 8 Containers 16 8.1 General . 16 8.2 Load arrangements on vehicles 17 9 Securing systems. 18 9.1 General . 18 9.2 Tarpaulins . 18 10 Loading methods 20 SANS 10187-1:2009 Edition 1.1 2 This page is intentionally left bl

16、ank SANS 10187-1:2009 Edition 1.1 3 Load securement on vehicles Part 1: General requirements 1 Scope This part of SANS 10187 specifies the safety problems and basic precautions relating to the securing of load on vehicles. It deals with the strength, selection, and use of securing systems, and gives

17、 recommendations for the securement of a variety of the more common types of load. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. All normative documents are subject to revision and, since any reference to a normative document is dee

18、med to be a reference to the latest edition of that document, parties to agreements based on this document are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be

19、 obtained from the SABS Standards Division. EN 818-5, Short link chain for lifting purposes Safety Part 5: Chain slings Grade 4. SANS 189, Short-link steel chain (medium-tolerance) for lifting purposes. SANS 813, Clamps for wire ropes. SANS 911, Natural fibre ropes. SANS 943, Man-made fibre ropes. S

20、ANS 1595, Forged steel lifting hooks for use with steel chains of strength grade M(4), P(5), S(6), T(8) and V(10). SANS 2262/ISO 2262, General purpose thimbles for use with steel wire ropes Specification. SANS 2408/ISO 2408, Steel wire ropes for general purposes Minimum requirements. SANS 2415/ISO 2

21、415, Forged shackles for general lifting purposes Dee shackles and bow shackles. SANS 50818-4/EN 818-4, Short link chain for lifting purposes Safety Part 4: Chain slings Grade 8. SANS 52195-2/EN 12195-2, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles Safety Part 2: Web lashing made from man-made fibres.

22、 SANS 10187-1:2009 Edition 1.1 4 SANS 52195-3/EN 12195-3, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles Safety Part 3: Lashing chains. SANS 52195-4/EN 12195-4, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles Safety Part 4: Lashing steel wire ropes. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this document, the follow

23、ing definitions apply. 3.1 braking force force involved in restraining the load during braking 3.2 load that which is carried or has to be carried by a vehicle 3.3 road traffic regulation current road traffic regulation or ordinance or special statutory requirement that governs the use of public roa

24、ds 3.4 vehicle self-propelled vehicle or trailer that is designed to carry load and is registered as such in terms of the road traffic regulations 3.5 webbing assembly assembly that consists of a webbing strap with end fittings and a tensioning device 4 Safety problems associated with the carrying o

25、f loads 4.1 General 4.1.1 When the vehicle is loaded, the load shall be restrained such that the load cannot move in any direction relative to the vehicle. NOTE 1 A load will tend to move in relation to the vehicle under the action of forces that act on the load in transit. These could be gravitatio

26、nal forces arising from the mass of the load or undulations of the road surface, or acceleration and deceleration forces due to vehicle movement over a road that is straight or curved or that has both straight and curved sections. NOTE 2 A greater force is required to stop a load that has started to

27、 move than is required to prevent movement in the first place. 4.1.2 The load shall be located next to the headboard or other fixed abutment unless the means used for load securement is adequate to prevent the battering ram effect (due to forces acting when a load is able to move relative to the veh

28、icle). NOTE The battering ram effect increases rapidly with the distance through which the load moves relative to the vehicle. SANS 10187-1:2009 Edition 1.1 5 4.1.3 The combined strength of the load restraint system shall be sufficient to withstand a force not less than the total weight of the load

29、forward, so as to prevent the load moving under severe braking, and half of the weight of the load backwards and sideways (see figure 1). Amdt 1 NOTE 1 Vertical movement may occur but this should be overcome if the conditions in 4.1.3 are met. NOTE 2 These principles are based on the maximum forces

30、that are likely to be experienced during normal road use and not if the load is subject to the excessive forces that may be encountered if the vehicle swerves or is involved in an accident. They should be regarded as minimum requirements. Figure 1 Deleted by amendment No. 1. 4.2 Braking forces 4.2.1

31、 The load securing systems shall be able to prevent the movement of the load at high braking efficiencies and vehicle payloads. NOTE 1 The braking forces will depend on the maximum deceleration achieved during braking, and on the mass of the load. NOTE 2 The braking forces are not dependent on the s

32、peed of the vehicle, and are therefore, the same at high and low speeds, in both forward and rearward directions. However, the load, when leaving the vehicle at high speeds, has more energy and will cause more damage. 4.2.2 The load shall be restrained by the securing systems regardless of the weigh

33、t of the load in order to prevent the forward movement of the load during heavy braking. NOTE The weight of the load cannot keep the load in position. Heavier loads are more likely to move when the vehicle is in motion owing to their energy being greater. Under heavy braking the weight acting in a f

34、orward direction can be equal to that acting down on the vehicle. 4.3 Securing systems 4.3.1 Security systems shall be used on a vehicle to prevent the load from moving. NOTE Load carried without securing systems on a vehicle will not be safe because the frictional restraint between the load and the

35、 load platform will be less than the dynamic forces which tend to move the load. 4.3.2 Securing systems shall be derived from a combination of the following: a) lashings secured to the vehicle chassis, including cross-bearers, outriggers; b) baulking arrangements, including headboards, bulkheads, sp

36、igots, transverse beams, shoring bars, load winches, load straps; and c) friction between the load and the load platform. 5 Basic precautions 5.1 Basic criteria for load securement 5.1.1 Vehicle 5.1.1.1 The vehicle, the load space, and accessory equipment shall be appropriately designed or fitted to

37、 the nature and size of the load to be carried. 5.1.1.2 The load space shall be appropriately designed for its purpose, i.e. it shall be in good condition and firmly secured to the chassis. SANS 10187-1:2009 Edition 1.1 6 5.1.1.3 The platform, walls, bars, struts, and flaps shall be free from cracks

38、, and their locking devices shall be in good working order. 5.1.2 Friction 5.1.2.1 The base of the load and the platform surface shall be clean, dry, and free from grease to prevent a slippery load platform. 5.1.2.2 Metal to metal contact shall be avoided. 5.1.2.3 The use of loose dunnage between th

39、e load and the platform shall be avoided where possible. 5.1.2.4 If dunnage has to be used because of the shape of the load and the need to provide adequate support, it shall be selected and secured as to prevent movement during the journey. 5.1.2.5 Timber dunnage shall be of uniform thickness and o

40、f maximum possible width. 5.1.2.6 The minimum width of the timber dunnage shall be twice the thickness. NOTE A single layer of dunnage is preferable to a double layer between the load and the platform and also between layers of load, if any. 5.1.2.7 A container built with corner castings that stand

41、out from the container base shall be positioned on thin dunnage around its periphery to avoid excessive load concentrations on the cargo platform from the container corner castings (see figure 2). 5.1.2.8 The container shall not project beyond the rear or sides of the load platform, because permanen

42、t distortion may take place if part of the containers base is left unsupported. The vehicles stability may also be affected. It is required in terms of the relevant national legislation (see foreword) that ISO containers be secured with twist locks as shown in clause 8. Figure 2 Dunnage under contai

43、ners SANS 10187-1:2009 Edition 1.1 7 5.1.3 Baulking 5.1.3.1 The front of the load shall be abutted against the headboard or bulkhead of the vehicle, or against an obstacle fitted transversely across the load platform and firmly attached to the chassis frame. 5.1.3.2 Blocks, wedges, and scotches shal

44、l have adequate strength and shall be firmly secured to the load platform when used to prevent individual items of a load from moving in any horizontal direction. 5.1.4 Load anchorages 5.1.4.1 The number of anchorages fitted and used and their strength shall be based on the principles outlined in cl

45、ause 6. 5.1.4.2 In vehicles where provision of anchorages specified in clause 6 is impracticable, adequate load securement shall be achieved by other available means, including baulking. NOTE Anchorages that are secured to wooden members only may not be strong enough to provide the securement requir

46、ed. 5.1.5 Lashings 5.1.5.1 The lashing chains shall comply with SANS 52195-3. 5.1.5.2 The lashing steel wire ropes shall comply with SANS 52195-4. 5.1.5.3 The lashings or fastening devices (clamps) shall be in sound condition and capable of transmitting all the forces induced in them. 5.1.5.4 The la

47、shings or fastening devices shall be properly tensioned at all times, and checked en route, so as to prevent the load from moving on the load platform, and to keep it firmly abutted. NOTE Overtensioning of the fastening devices, which might subject them to undue strain and weaken them, should be avo

48、ided. 5.1.5.5 The securing system shall be such that failure or slackening of a single component does not render the remainder of the system ineffective. 5.1.5.6 Lashings that provide forward restraint shall not be more than 60 from the horizontal (see figure 3). NOTE The stress level rises sharply

49、as the lashing approaches the vertical. 5.1.5.7 Lashings shall not come into contact with any sharp edges on the vehicle or load. SANS 10187-1:2009 Edition 1.1 8 Figure 3 Lashing angles not more than 60 5.1.6 Tarpaulins 5.1.6.1 The tarpaulins shall only be used for weather protection purposes except in the case of very light bulk loads. The load shall be independently secured against movement. 5.1.6.2 Purpose-made load sheets embodying webbing straps shall be used, up to their rated load capacity, provided that the straps are secured to bo