[考研类试卷]英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编92及答案与解析.doc

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1、英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 92 及答案与解析英译汉1 What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, chemistry, or any other science?We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. Many people believe, however, that our pro

2、gress depends on two different aspects of science. The first of these is the application of the machines and products that scientists and technologists develop. New drugs, faster and safer means of transport, new systems of applied knowledge are some examples of this aspect of science. The second as

3、pect is the application of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosityhe wants to find out how and why the universe works.2 I had always ass

4、umed a broken heart was just a metaphor, a cliche of country music and romance novels. So I was as surprised as anyone to learn last week that doctors now consider it a real medical event, one that can kill.The news comes from a report published in the New England Journal of Medicine, in which physi

5、cians at Johns Hopkins described a group of 18 mostly older women and one man who developed serious heart problems after experiencing a sudden emotional shock, such as the death of a loved one, or, in the case of one 60-year-old woman, a surprise birthday party.What surprised the doctors who examine

6、d these patients was that none of them had actually suffered a heart attack. Indeed, few had any signs of heart disease at all. Yet at least five of the 19 and perhaps morewould have died without treatment, according to Dr. Ilan Wittstein, the cardiologist who led the study.3 Resource efficiency mea

7、ns reducing the environmental impact of the consumption and production of goods and services. The doing more with less slogan indicates the focus on more outputs with fewer impacts. Efficiency gains do not guarantee that the overall outcome stays within the ecological carrying capacity of the Earth.

8、 Influencing the demand side is therefore another prerequisite for sustainable development.It is indeed timely to recognize that the world cannot achieve sustainable, economic growth with old fashioned consumption and production patterns. Companies will have to accelerate the trends of polluting les

9、s and of designing, producing and marketing better products and services. Consumers have to get used to the fact that environmental concerns are as important in their daily choices as considerations of price, convenience and quality. And governments and civil society have a key role to play in inspi

10、ring such a process.4 Today, I will focus on one major impact of the current financial crisis on Asia-Pacific, that is, the decline in domestic demand. Particularly, I want to talk about the factors leading to declines in domestic demand.Equity markets in developing countries around the world have s

11、uffered large decreases in value since mid-September 2008, reflecting a global credit crunch and a worldwide flight to safety among investors.These declines are expected to cause a number of effects that will dampen domestic demand, especially personal consumption and corporate investments. Although

12、 equity market investments only constitute a small percentage of overall household wealth and equity financing consists of relative-ly a small portion of corporate investment in Asia-Pacific as compared with developed countries, the declines will affect the more advanced economies of the region, suc

13、h as the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong of China.Secondly, declines in property markets will further dampen domestic demand. The reduction in housing prices will have an effect on real estate investments, which have played a particularly important role in the growth of domestic demand in

14、 a number of countriesmost notably in China, where the property sector accounts for about one quarter of all investment.Private consumption will also be affected by the fall in property prices, particularly in the more advanced economies in the region, where property assets account for a more signif

15、icant portion of household wealth.Thirdly, reduced bank lending is the most significant factor curtailing corporate activity and domestic demand.The concern here is that an increase in non-performing loans will result in greater restraints on and a reduction in new lending, leading to possible highe

16、r costs for new borrowers. Increased borrowing costs may in turn add further pressures resulting in a greater number of corporate defaults.5 Population ageing has become a world-wide phenomenon. Moreover, it has not only come to stay but, especially in the developing countries, it will become more f

17、elt and acute with the passage of time. Its repercussions are so wide-ranging and manifold that they can only be ignored at a tremendous cost to society.The growing rate of population ageing poses many challenges which have to be faced realistically. A number of decisions have to be taken with the c

18、ooperation of every social institution, be it the State, Non-Governmental Organizations, the community, the family members and last but not least, the older persons themselves. Each has a very important role to play in ensuring a sustainable development for the elderly population.Governments and civ

19、il society including organisations of older persons, academia, community-based organisations and the private sector need to help in capacity building on ageing issues. As the Shanghai Implementation Strategy points out, “A life-course and inter-sectoral approach to health and well-being is the best

20、approach to ensure that both current and future generations of older persons remain healthy and active“.The gap between the projected increases of the older population and the consequently required services, combined with the parallel development of the personnel needed to carry out these services,

21、creates a pressing and urgent need to train appropriate staff. Training programmes have to be tailored to the nature of the participants, the work they are doing and the needs entailed. Though the basic issues dealt with might often be the same, the approach differs. It will be important in the not

22、too distant future to explore innovative ways of providing education and training in rural and remote areas and to apply, as much as possible, the new and emerging communication technologies to facilitate and enhance these programmes.Every member of society should realize that aging is a process. Co

23、nsequently, older persons are to be seen as equal citizens of any society, sharing the same rights like other citizens. Any form of discrimination is to be eradicated.英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 92 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 科学态度的本质是什么?那些研究并应用物理学、生物学、或其他科学的男男女女们所具有的态度的本质是什么?我们都知道科学在我们的社会中所起的重要作用。但很多人认为，社会进步靠的是科学的两个不同方面的内容

24、。第一个方面是指科学家和技术人员们研发的机器和产品及其应用。新药品、更便捷更安全的交通方式及新的应用知识体系都可以体现科学的这一方面。第二个方面是科学家们工作时采用的特殊思维方式和行动方式及其应用。那这些特殊的思维方式和行动方式到底是什么呢?首先，一个成功的科学家似乎总是充满着好奇心他想探寻宇宙万物的运行方式和原理。2 【正确答案】 我过去常常以为“一颗破碎的心” 这种说法不过只是一种隐喻，是乡村音乐和浪漫小说里常常使用的陈词滥调罢了。因此在上周，当我知道医生们现在已经将它视为一种现实存在的具有致命危险的医疗事件的时候，我和所有人一样，都大吃了一惊。新英格兰医学杂志刊登了与之相关的报道。在报道

25、中，约翰?霍普金斯大学的医师们对因经历突然的情感冲击(如挚爱的去世，或如某位 60 岁女性的例子一个惊喜生日派对)，心脏出现了严重问题的 18 名女性(其中大部分为老年人)和 1名男性的情况进行了描述。在对这些病患进行检查的时候，令医师们感到大为吃惊的是他们之中没有任何人有过事实上的心脏病发病史。事实上，几乎没有人有心脏疾病的症状。但是，领导这项研究的心脏病专家宜兰?维茨特恩称，这 19 人中，至少有 5 人甚至有可能更多要不是接受了治疗，可能已经死亡。3 【正确答案】 资源增效指的是减少商品和服务生产过程及消费过程对环境产生的影响。“ 用更少创造更多 ”这一口号表明其重心在于用较少的影响来创

26、造更多的产出。生产效率的提高并不能保证整体结果能维持在地球的生态承受力范围之内。因此，对需求方的影响成为了可持续发展的另一先决条件。我们现在确实迫切需要意识到传统的消费生产模式是无法实现经济的可持续发展的。公司需要加快减污减排的脚步，敦促自身去设计、生产和经营更好的产品和服务。消费者也要接受这一事实在日常购物时，对环境的影响、商品价格、便利度和产品品质都应被纳人考虑范围内，作为进行选择的参考条件。此外，政府和民间团体也需在推进上述进程中发挥关键性作用。4 【正确答案】 今天，我重点说一下目前亚太金融危机所造成的一个重大影响，即内需下降问题。具体来讲，我想说的是造成内需下降的原因。自 2008

27、年 9 月中旬以来，全球发展中国家股市大幅度下跌，这表明全球正在经历信贷紧缩，投资者选择以稳妥为主。股市下滑导致的一系列后果将打击内需，特别是个人消费和公司投资。虽然股市投资仅占家庭财富的一小部分，而且相对于发达国家，亚太地区公司的股权融资在公司投资中的比例相对较小，股市下跌还是会影响到这些地区中相对较发达的经济体，例如韩国、新加坡和中国香港。其次，房地产市场的下滑对内需造成了进一步的打击。房价下降影响了对房地产的投资，而后者对一些国家经济的增长起到重要作用，最典型的是中国，中国市场对房地产的投资占总投资的四分之一。房价下跌也将影响个人消费水平。这一点在相对发达的地区尤为显著，这些地区中房产在

28、家庭财富中占有的比重更高。最后，银行贷款减少是造成公司活动减少和内需降低的最重要因素。这里需要注意的是，不良贷款的增加将给新贷款行为造成更多的限制条件，同时也会减少新贷款的数量，新的贷款人可能因此需要面临更高的贷款成本。贷款成本的增加反过来带给贷款人更大的压力，压力之下失误也会增多。5 【正确答案】 人口老龄化已经成为一个世界现象。这种现象不仅广泛存在，而且随着时间的推移，变得愈加明显和严重，尤其是在发展中国家。其广泛而多面的影响不容忽视，否则将会给社会造成巨大损失。我们必须用现实的态度面对老龄人口比重增加带来的许多挑战。各社会组织需要共同合作做出决策，不论国家政府、非政府组织、还是社区、家庭

29、成员以至老年人本身，都应参与其中。每个组织和成员都在保障老龄人口的可持续发展中发挥重要作用。政府和民间团体，如老年人组织、学术界、社区组织和私人机构，应就老龄问题能力建设提供帮助。就像上海实施方案指出的那样：“从个人人生历程各个阶段人手，通过各部门间合作实现人民健康和富足是保证当代和未来的老年人保持健康和活力的最好方法。”由于老龄人口的预计增加量同由此产生的服务和服务人员需求量之间存在差距，因此迫切需要培训合适的工作人员。培训项目应当基于受训人员的性格、工种和工作需求量体裁衣。尽管需要解决的问题通常没有差别，但解决方式却不尽相同。在不久的将来，寻找创新的方式为乡村和边远地区提供培训教育，并尽量运用新兴通讯技术推动和加强这些培训教育项目，将变得十分重要。每一位社会成员都应意识到，老龄化是一个过程。老年人最终将被视为每个社会中平等的公民，同其他公民享有同样的权利，任何形式的歧视都会被根除。