[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷3及答案与解析.doc

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1、英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 3 及答案与解析一、名词解释1 interpersonal function2 textual function3 semantics4 truth-conditional semantics5 naming theory6 behaviorist theory7 use theory8 sense9 reference10 conceptual meaning11 connotative meaning12 semantic field13 lexical gap14 componential analysis15 semantic feature16 syn

2、onymy17 antonymy18 hyponymy19 meronymy20 semantic role21 entailment22 presupposition23 pragmatics 24 deixis 25 reference英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 3 答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Interpersonal function; Language serves to set up and maintain social and personal relations, including communication roles such as questioner

3、 and respondent, and to express the language users own attitudes and comments to the content of an utterance. This function of language is called interpersonal function.【知识模块】 名词解释2 【正确答案】 Textual function; Language also makes links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.

4、 This is what enables the speaker or writer to construct a text, and enables the listener or reader to distinguish a text from random set of sentences. This function of language is called textual function.【知识模块】 名词解释3 【正确答案】 Semantics; Semantics is the branch of linguistics which studies meaning in

5、language. A sentence needs to be well formed both-syntactically and semantically. The sentence “ Mary married the Mickey Mouse“, for example, is syntactically well formed but semantically ill formed; for we know that a lady cannot marry the Mickey Mouse. Semantics is concerned with such information.

6、 【知识模块】 名词解释4 【正确答案】 Truth-conditional semantics: Knowing the meaning of a sentence is the same as knowing the conditions under which the sentence is true or false. And knowing the meaning of a word or expression is knowing the part that it plays in the truth or falsehood of the sentence containing

7、it. Such an approach to meaning is called truth-conditional theory/semantics.【知识模块】 名词解释5 【正确答案】 Naming theory: The view that the meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names, is called the naming theory. The word tree, for example, names the object tree in the real world. 【知识模块】 名词解释6 【正

8、确答案】 Behaviorist theory: Bloomfield argued that meaning exists in the relation between speech and the practical events that precede and follow it. The meaning of a linguistic form is thus defined as observable behaviors in behaviorism, or behaviorist theory, which clearly draws on psychology. 【知识模块】

9、 名词解释7 【正确答案】 Use theory: The semantic theory according to which the meaning of a word is determined by its use in communication and more generally, in social interaction.【知识模块】 名词解释8 【正确答案】 Sense: Sense is the semantic links between linguistic elements within the vocabulary system. It is defined in

10、 terms of relationships which hold between the linguistic elements themselves, so it is concerned with intralinguistic relations.【知识模块】 名词解释9 【正确答案】 Reference; Reference or extension deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements(words, sentences, etc.)and the non-linguistic world of th

11、e experience, e. g. things, actions, events and qualities.【知识模块】 名词解释10 【正确答案】 Conceptual meaning: Conceptual meaning, also called denotative or cognitive meaning, is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It mea

12、ns that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to.【知识模块】 名词解释11 【正确答案】 Connotative meaning: Connotative meaning is the communicative value that a word or a combination of words has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. 【知识模

13、块】 名词解释12 【正确答案】 Semantic field: It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another. For example, kinship terms such as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt belong to a semantic field whose relevant features include generation,

14、 sex, membership of the fathers or mothers side of the family. 【知识模块】 名词解释13 【正确答案】 Lexical gap: The absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language is called lexical gap. In English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes for “male“ and

15、“female“ cousin.【知识模块】 名词解释14 【正确答案】 Componential Analysis: Some linguists claim that all lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic features or semantic components which may be universal, and this semantic theory is called Componential Analysis(CA).【知识模块】 名词解释15 【正确答案】 Semantic feature: S

16、emantic feature, which is also called semantic component, is a universal set of components which can be used to describe meaning in each and every language in the world. 【知识模块】 名词解释16 【正确答案】 Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sense relation of “ sameness of meaning“. 【知识模块】 名词解释17 【正确答案】 Antonymy: Ant

17、onymy refers to the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning between lexical items, e. g. big/small, alive/dead and father/daughter.【知识模块】 名词解释18 【正确答案】 Hyponymy: The relationship of hyponymy is between the more general term and the more specific instances. The general term is called the

18、superordinate or hyperonym. And the specific instances are hyponyms of the superordinate.【知识模块】 名词解释19 【正确答案】 Meronymy: It is the sense relation between terms which is the part of the other word and also called part/whole relationship. For example, words like second and minute, minute and hour, hour

19、 and day, day and week, none of which could be described without reference to the fact that it is a subdivision of another.【知识模块】 名词解释20 【正确答案】 Semantic role; By semantic role we mean such things as who did what to whom, with whom, and for whom. The semantic role of a noun phrase is the role that it

20、s referent plays in the action, state or situation described by the sentence.【知识模块】 名词解释21 【正确答案】 Entailment: Entailment is a kind of meaning-dependence between one sentence and another. It is concerned with the meaning of the sentence itself and thus doesnt depend on the context in which a sentence

21、 is used.【知识模块】 名词解释22 【正确答案】 Presupposition: The speaker or writer always assumes that the hearer/reader already knows something of what he is going to say or write and this “ something“ often becomes the presupposition of a sentence.【知识模块】 名词解释23 【正确答案】 Pragmatics: A branch of linguistics that stu

22、dy the meaning of language in use. It studies speakers intended meaning, or even the “invisible“ meaning, that is, how hearers recognize what is meant even when it isnt actually said or written.【知识模块】 名词解释24 【正确答案】 Deixis: In all languages there are many words and expressions whose reference depend

23、entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis, which means “pointing“ via language. 【知识模块】 名词解释25 【正确答案】 Reference: In Pragmatics, the act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something is called reference.【知识模块】 名词解释