IESNA DG-17-2005 Fundamentals of Lighting for Videoconferencing.pdf

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1、IESNA DG-17-05Fundamentals ofLighting for VideoconferencingTheLIGHTINGAUTHORITYIESNA DG-17-05Fundamentals of LightingforVideoconferencingPrepared by:IESNA Committee onLighting for Videoconferencingand PresentationCopyright 2005 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the

2、 IESNA Board of Directors, October 15, 2005 as a Transaction of the Illuminating EngineeringSociety of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval sys-tem or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IESNA.Publish

3、ed by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York10005.IESNA Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IESNAOffice in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this do

4、cument,please forward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at the above addressfor verification and correction. The IESNA welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 0-87995-207-5ISBN # 978-0-87995-207-5DISCLAIMERIESNA pub

5、lications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved bythe American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers representing variedviewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IESNAadministers the proce

6、ss and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in thedevelopment of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of anyinformation published herein. The IESNA disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or otherdamages of any nature wha

7、tsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directlyor indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this documentIn issuing and making this document available, the IESNA is not undertaking to render professional orother services for or on behalf of any per

8、son or entity. Nor is the IESNA undertaking to perform any dutyowed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or herown independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional indetermining the exercise of reasonable care in a

9、ny given circumstances.The IESNA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents ofthis document. Nor does the IESNA list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations forcompliance with this document. Any certification or statement of complianc

10、e with the requirements ofthis document shall not be attributable to the IESNA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier ormaker of the statement.IESNA DG-17-05Prepared by the IESNA Lighting for Videoconferencing and Presentation CommitteeIESNA Lighting for Videoconferencing and Presentation

11、 CommitteeJim Yorgey, Co-chair a78C. Brooke Carter, Co-chair a78a78 Thank you to all section authors and to the editor for their hard work. + At the inception of this committee, Samantha LaFleur was an active voting member, secretary of thecommittee, author (co-author) of several sections of this De

12、sign Guide, as well as the first round editor. Aspecial thank you to Samantha for all her efforts.IESNA DG-17-05Jack Bailey a78Andrew Beldecos a78Jim Benya*Tim Cape a78Sam Cercone*Renee Cooley a78Peter EganLee Hedberg a78Harry Joseph*Samantha LaFleur*+ a78Tom Lemons*Steve MitchellPeter Nagi*Carol Pe

13、ters*Scott Sharer*Kevin Simonson a78Sandra Stashik*Advisory membersIESNA DG-17-05CONTENTS1.0 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 Applications to Meeting Spaces . . . . . . . .

14、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.1 Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 Human Visual Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.1 Source-Task-Eye Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.1.1 Distractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.1.2 Glare and Veiling Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、 . . . . . . . . . . .33.2. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 Video Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、. . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 The Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1.1 Video Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、 . .54.1.2 Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54.1.3 Inaccurate Color Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54.1.4 Inadequate Depth of Field .

20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64.2 The Codec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.3 Output the Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.0 Architectural Requirements and Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76.0 Lighting Metrics and Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86.1 Luminance and Illuminance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86.2 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107.0 Design Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.1 Design Program and Procesds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、 . . . . . . . . .117.2 Light Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117.3 Layers of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. . . .117.4 Luminaire Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137.5 Luminaire Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137.6 Light

26、ing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.0 Lighting Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.1 Lig

27、hting Control Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168.2 Establishing Lighting Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168.2.1 Varieties of Zones . . . . . . . .

28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168.2.2 Lighting Scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168.3 Fluorescent Dimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178.4 Lighting Control Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178.4.1 Small Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、 . . . . . . . . . . . .188.4.2 Medium Size Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188.5 Integrating Control with AV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188.6 Integratio

31、n of Window Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189.0 Lighting System Commissioning and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189.1 Commissioning Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189.2 Lighting System Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189.3 Lighting Maintenance Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189.4 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19References/Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21IESNA DG-17-05IESNA DG-17-051IESNA DG-17-05Fundamentals of Lighting forVideoconferencing1.0 I

35、NTRODUCTIONWhether to witness a presentation, come to anagreement, execute a plan or collect and otherwiseexchange information, the business meeting is fun-damentally a process of communication. The rise ofconvenient, low-cost video technology has vastlyincreased the effectiveness of long-distance b

36、usiness interchange via the videoconference.Videoconferencing reduces the need to locate peo-ple in the same room, saving time and money.Essentially, it is an advancement over the telephoneconference call, lending the ability to read facialcues and view all manner of visual materials.A videoconferen

37、cing space is any facility whereaudio- and video-based two-way communicationoccurs between a local and remote site(s). Thisincorporates verbal communication supported bylive visual images, as well as the transfer and dis-play of supporting information and data such as doc-uments, spreadsheets, image

38、s and other multime-dia program materials.The fundamental goal for these environments is tofacilitate good communication, both verbal and non-verbal. The video image is part of this dialog, requir-ing that lighting designers recognize the video cam-era as a member of the meeting group. A success-ful

39、 videoconferencing space balances the needs ofthe participants with those of the camera. By under-standing the role of room surfaces and adaptingphotographic and broadcast techniques, traditionallighting design can be modified to simultaneouslydeliver visual comfort, facilitate group interactionand

40、produce high quality video images for remoteparticipants.This Design Guide addresses the technical andpractical requirements for lighting small- to medium-sized, single-camera videoconference spaces usedby ten to twenty participants. Fundamental conceptsare accompanied by recommendations that willas

41、sist practitioners to configure and specify appro-priate lighting systems in the presence of architec-tural and technical requirements specific to video-conferencing projects. It is not the intent of thisGuide to provide cookie-cutter solutions.This Design Guide is written with lighting and designpr

42、ofessionals in mind. However, due to the uniqueand somewhat unforgiving nature of these spaces,the full input of a lighting professional as part of amultidisciplinary design team is strongly recom-mended. Other individuals should find the followinginformation useful and informative.2.0 APPLICATIONS

43、TO MEETING SPACESThis Design Guide addresses single-camera video-conference systems for small audiences. Businesscommunications of this nature typically occur inspaces characterized as small conference rooms.Concepts and criteria presented here are applicableto any video-based communication environm

44、ent.This Guide does not attend to the more complex dis-tance learning facilities, corporate studios or educa-tional broadcast facilities. However, situations thatare more complex will be handled in the forthcomingRecommended Practice edition of this document.2.1 EnvironmentsThe terms local (near end

45、) and remote (far end)reinforce the fact that a videoconference is commu-nication between two or more locations. From theparticipants perspective, local refers to their on-camera location. Remote refers to the location view-ing or receiving their video image. This document,presents guidelines for li

46、ghting the local site only.These environments are often categorized as: dedicated videoconferencing sites conference rooms educational facilities corporate training centers corporate board rooms2.2 RequirementsThe camera lacks the capacity to handle a widerange of luminance, such as can the eye. The

47、 term“luminance” correlates to the perceived brightnessof a surface. Specifically, luminance is the amount oflight in a specific direction emanating from a mea-sured area of any surface (see Glossary). Any sur-face we see has a luminance associated with it; thisis affected by 1) the amount of light

48、falling upon thatsurface, and 2) its reflective characteristics. As anexample, under the same ceiling luminaire, a typicaloffice wall painted white will appear brighter than thesame wall painted gray. Under the same amount oflight by virtue of its higher reflectivity, the white wallwill produce a gr

49、eater luminance than the gray wall,and will appear brighter. This has profound effects inthe videoconferencing environment, for the eyetakes these differences in stride. The video camera,however, does not.2IESNA DG-17-05As such, the video camera changes the way wedesign lighting in a videoconferencing location.Typical design requirements and visual tasks mustbe split into human and camera subgroups. Humanrequirements will influence what people see andhow they feel during the meeting. Camera require-ments affect the quality of the video image seen bythe remote participants.Participant