EN 15426-2007 en Candles - Specification for sooting behaviour《蜡烛 炭黑生成特性的规范》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 15426:2007Candles Specification for sooting behaviourThe European Standard EN 15426:2007 has the status of a British StandardICS 71.100.99; 97.180g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g

2、53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 15426:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 56300 3National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation

3、 of EN 15426:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee I/-/1, Candles.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Us

4、ers are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15426November 2007ICS 71.100.99English VersionCandles - Specific

5、ation for sooting behaviourBourgies - Spcification relative de lindice de suie Kerzen - Spezifikation fr das RuverhaltenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 September 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving

6、this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions

7、(English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgar

8、ia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATI

9、ONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15426:2007: EEN 15426:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introd

10、uction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Terms and definitions .5 3 Sooting behaviour .6 4 Test equipment and apparatus.6 5 Sampling.9 6 Sample preparation .9 7 General test conditions.9 8 Test method9 9 Measuring of the emission on the glass plate11 10 Evaluation.11 11 Test report 12 Annex A (normative) Measurement u

11、nit13 Bibliography 14 EN 15426:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15426:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN BT/TF 164 “Candle safety”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an ident

12、ical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsi

13、ble for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,

14、Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. EN 15426:2007 (E) 4 Introduction Candles have accompanied mankind for more than 2 000 years

15、serving above all as a light source. Closely connected to the development history of the candle are the efforts made to improve its quality and its safety in use. Discussions in the past and present over possible self-forming, harmful emissions and fires caused by unsafe candles and/or inappropriate

16、 use during the burning of candles have led to consumer concern for these issues. This European Standard describes the requirements and a simple method for measuring the sooting behaviour of candles. The soot index obtained by this procedure may be considered as characteristic of the sooting behavio

17、ur of the type of candle tested. The soot which is emitted from a candle is collected on a glass plate throughout a defined period. Afterwards the attenuation of light intensity caused by soot precipitation is quantified in a measuring chamber. This method helps to ensure a reasonable degree of safe

18、ty for normal use, thereby improving personal safety. EN 15426:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies requirements and the test method for evaluating the sooting behaviour of burning candles. It is applicable to single wick candles with a diameter up to 100 mm or equivalent cross sectio

19、nal area intended to be burned indoors. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 base material intended fuel source for a candle flame 2.2 candle one or more combustible wicks supported by a material that constitutes a fuel, w

20、hich is solid, semisolid or quasi-rigid at room temperature (20 C to 27 C) NOTE 1 It can also contain additives, which are used for colour, odour, stability, or to modify the burning characteristics; the combined function of which is to sustain a light-producing flame. NOTE 2 Including candles with

21、decoration attached to or contained within the candle. 2.3 container candle candle that is produced in and will be burned in a container 2.4 measuring period time the candle is burned collecting soot 2.5 molten fuel pool portion of the wax or fuel pool of a candle that is in the liquid form when the

22、 candle is burning 2.6 soot solid, carbon enriched particles, which come into existence when the burning material in the flame is incompletely burned and which are subsequently released into the atmosphere 2.7 soot index index number for the evaluation of the sooting behaviour of candles 2.8 soot te

23、st cycle total length of time the candle is burned during the stabilizing period, measuring period, including pause 2.9 stabilizing period period of time the candle is burned without collecting soot 2.10 tea light cylindrical candle that is burned in a container, which may be suitable to keep vessel

24、s containing coffee, tea or other liquids warm, by using a warming stove EN 15426:2007 (E) 6 NOTE 1 Typical dimensions of a tea light are 38 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height. NOTE 2 A tea light container can be made from metal, glass or plastic. 2.11 total measuring time total time of all measurin

25、g periods 2.12 wax crystalline, plastic solid or semi-solid material at 25 C consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons and/or hydrocarbon derivatives NOTE Wax melts typically at temperatures equal to or greater than 40 C and becomes a low viscosity liquid. Waxes may be of mineral (particularly petrole

26、um), vegetable, animal (including insect), or synthetic origin. 2.13 wick object that delivers fuel to a flame through the process of capillary action 3 Sooting behaviour When tested in accordance with clause 8, the average soot index from three tests (samples) shall be less than 1,0/h, no individua

27、l sample shall exceed 2,0/h. 4 Test equipment and apparatus 4.1 A wire mesh cylinder RMG 2.11)fixed to a stand of which the height can be adjusted, with a fixture for a glass plate (see Figure 1). The cylinder has a minimum height of 300 mm and consists of wire mesh with a permeability of (60 5) %.

28、1) Wire mesh cylinder RMG 2.1 is the trade name of a product supplied by Heil Metalle GmbH, Germany. This information is given for the convenience of the user of this European Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of the product named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be

29、shown to lead to the same results. EN 15426:2007 (E) 7 a min. height = 300 mm b diameter, Type 1: d = 230 mm; Type 2: d = 300 mm c stand d glass plate e wire mesh Figure 1 Wire mesh cylinder 4.2 Measurement unit consisting of an indication instrument and a measuring chamber. The measuring chamber co

30、nsists of the light source, fixture for the heat resisting glass plate, a cover with light reflecting interior coating with a photodiode integrated in it, which is connected with the indication instrument (see Figure 2). NOTE First operation and calibration of the measurement unit refer to Annex 1.

31、EN 15426:2007 (E) 8 Key 1 detector current 2 photometer 3 photo detector 4 shutter 5 soot precipitation 6 heat resistant glass plate 7 light source Figure 2 Measurement unit 4.3 Heat resistant glass plates, 100 mm x 100 mm, with a thickness of 3,5 mm to 4,5 mm. Each glass plate is to be marked in su

32、ch a way that it can be easily identified and the marking does not affect the measurement results. The light absorption of these glass plates shall not exceed 25 % (see Equation 1). E is the individually measured illuminance. 25100101EE(1) where E1 is the illuminance of the measuring chamber with a

33、clean glass plate, in Lux; E0is the illuminance of the empty measuring chamber, in Lux. 4.4 Stop watch 4.5 Balance, precision 0,1 g 4.6 Rule 4.7 Standard, fat dissolving detergent 4.8 Lint free paper towels 4.9 Pair of scissors 4.10 Suitable candle holder 4.11 Stand for height adjustment 4.12 Glass

34、platform, maximum 70 mm in diameter for tea lights EN 15426:2007 (E) 9 5 Sampling The test shall be carried out on finished candles representative of those intended to be supplied commercially. For the test result to represent a specific candle type, a minimum of three samples shall be tested. 6 Sam

35、ple preparation Remove any outer wrapping and label material and prepare the sample for use according to the manufacturers instructions if any given, e.g. trim the wick. For identification of the sample, measure the dimensions and mass of the candle. The temperature of the sample shall be (20 5) C b

36、efore the test is started. 7 General test conditions The room temperature at which the burning test is to take place shall be (20 5) C. The room shall be draught free. If during the test the temperature is outside the range, the maximum and/or minimum temperature shall be recorded in the test report

37、. For testing floating candles, the temperature of the water shall be (20 5) C when the test is started. NOTE Draught free means that a candle can burn without noticeable disturbance of the flame. If the flame is flickering this can be verified using a reference candle such as a paraffin candle with

38、 a diameter of 22 mm, if this candle is also flickering there is a draught, if not then it is flickering due to the candle design or quality. 8 Test method 8.1 General In the case of candle designs not catered for in the test procedures, the test should be carried out as far as possible as described

39、 and deviations from the test procedure shall be recorded in the test report. NOTE If sooting becomes excessive the measuring may be stopped early. 8.2 Test preparation The wire mesh cylinder type shall be selected according to Table1. Table 1 Apparatus Type of candle Apparatus Tea lights Wire mesh

40、cylinder Type 1 (Diameter: (230 10) mm ) 70 mm Wire mesh cylinder Type 1 (Diameter: (230 10) mm) 70 mm 60 min (5 1) min (240 5) min or continuous burning to residual height of (10 5) mm if the remaining burning time is less than 240 min Mass above 40 g and a diameter equal or over 70 mm (5 1) min (2

41、40 5) min 60 min (5 1) min (240 5) min 60 min (5 1) min (240 5) min 9 Measuring of the emission on the glass plate Calibrate as given in A.2. Place the sooted glass plate, soot side up, within the holder on the light source and close the cover. If necessary, adjust the measuring range, determine the

42、 illuminance of the sooted glass plate (E3) and record the result. Clean the glass plate with detergent (4.7) and water and dry the glass plate (4.3) afterwards using lint free paper towels (4.8). Place the cleaned glass plate (4.3) on the light source and close the cover. Determine the illuminance

43、of the cleaned glass plate (E1) and record the result. 10 Evaluation 10.1 The soot index is calculated according to Equation 2 made up of the ratio of the illuminance (E) resulting from the measurements of the sooted (E3,) glass plate / cleaned (E1) glass plate. 100113=EESi (2) EN 15426:2007 (E) 12

44、where Si is the soot index; E3is the illuminance of the measuring chamber with the sooted glass plate, in Lux; E1is the illuminance of the measuring chamber with the cleaned glass plate, in Lux. 10.2 The average soot index per hour is calculated as the ratio of the soot index to the total measuring

45、time (sum of measuring periods) according to Table 2. The average soot index per hour is recorded in accordance with Equation 3. mhtSiSi = (3) where Sihis the average soot index per hour, in h-1; Si is the soot index; tmis the total measuring time, in h. 11 Test report The test report serves to iden

46、tify the tested candle and to record the test results. The following items shall be included in the test report: a) reference to the number and year of publication of this European Standard (EN 15426:2007); b) details of the test sample (e.g. identification, dimensions, mass); c) any defects identif

47、ied during sample preparation; d) test results according to clause 10 of this European Standard; e) details of any deviations from this European Standard; f) name and address of the test facility; g) date of the test. EN 15426:2007 (E) 13 Annex A (normative) Measurement unit A.1 First operation of t

48、he measurement unit Connect the indication instrument and light source to a suitable source of electrical power and turn on. NOTE The light source does not reach its final and constant light intensity until a minimum of 30 min after being switched on. Do not start measuring before a constant value i

49、s indicated. Set the indication instrument at the measuring range of 20 000 Lux. Adopt the next measuring range for lower values whilst measuring if necessary. Prior to first use determine the illuminance of the new instrument without any glass plate (E,0) and note it. This value for the new measurement unit should not be less than 1 500 Lux. A.2 Calibration of the measurement unit The measurement unit has to be checked daily by the following test measurements before real measuring commences. NOTE The light source