BS ISO 16075-2-2015 Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects Development of the project《灌溉工程中已处理过的废水的使用指南 项目开发》.pdf

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1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16075-2:2015Guidelines for treatedwastewater use for irrigationprojectsPart 2: Development of the projectBS ISO 16075-2:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16075-2:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was

2、 entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CB/506, Water reuse.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British

3、Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 80721 3ICS 13.060.01; 13.060.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31

4、August 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16075-2:2015 ISO 2015Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects Part 2: Development of the projectLignes directrices pour lutilisation des eaux uses traites en irrigation Partie 2: Dveloppement du projetINTERN

5、ATIONAL STANDARDISO16075-2First edition2015-08-15Reference numberISO 16075-2:2015(E)BS ISO 16075-2:2015ISO 16075-2:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be

6、reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requ

7、ester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 16075-2:2015ISO 16075-2:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms .

8、13.1 General . 13.2 Use of treated wastewater (TWW) 33.3 Wastewater quality . 43.4 Irrigation systems 53.5 Wastewater system related components . 73.6 Abbreviated terms . 84 Public health and water quality parameters to take into consideration in TWW irrigation 94.1 Suggested treated wastewater qual

9、ity levels . 94.2 TWW quality needed for irrigation use 134.2.1 Agricultural use 134.2.2 Urban use 134.3 Barriers concept . 134.3.1 Types of barriers .144.3.2 Crops that can be irrigated without barriers .144.3.3 Barriers in the irrigation of public gardens .144.3.4 Barriers in the irrigation of fod

10、der crops 144.3.5 Possible barriers .144.3.6 Barriers needed for irrigation with TWW according to their quality .164.3.7 Examples for calculating the numbers and types of barriers 165 Public health aspects of flood and furrow irrigation with TWW 176 Public health risks for surrounding residents .17A

11、nnex A (informative) Adjustment of the TWW quality used for irrigation and the barriers that can be used to the types of crops that can be irrigated with the TWW 18Bibliography .24 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 16075-2:2015ISO 16075-2:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organ

12、ization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establish

13、ed has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

14、The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

15、 editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent

16、 rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an

17、explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this

18、document is ISO/TC 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC 1, Treated wastewater use for irrigation.ISO 16075 consists of the following parts, under the general title Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects: Part 1: The basis of a reuse project for irrigation Part 2: Development of t

19、he project Part 3: Components of a reuse project for irrigationThe following parts are under preparation: Part 4: Monitoringiv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16075-2:2015ISO 16075-2:2015(E)IntroductionThe increasing water scarcity and water pollution control efforts in many countries have made t

20、reated municipal and industrial wastewater a suitable economic means of augmenting the existing water supply especially when compared to expensive alternatives such as desalination or the development of new water sources involving dams and reservoirs. Water reuse makes it possible to close the water

21、 cycle at a point closer to cities by producing “new water” from municipal wastewater and reducing wastewater discharge to the environment.An important new concept in water reuse is the “fit-to-purpose” approach, which entails the production of reclaimed water quality that meets the needs of the int

22、ended end-users. In the situation of reclaimed water for irrigation, the reclaimed water quality can induce an adaptation of the type of plant grown. Thus, the intended water reuse applications are to govern the degree of wastewater treatment required and inversely, the reliability of wastewater rec

23、lamation processes and operation.Treated wastewater can be used for various non-potable purposes. The dominant applications for the use of treated wastewater (also referred to as reclaimed water or recycled water) include agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation, industrial reuse, and groundwat

24、er recharge. More recent and rapidly growing applications are for various urban uses, recreational and environmental uses, and indirect and direct potable reuse.Agricultural irrigation was, is, and will likely remain the largest reuse water consumer with recognized benefits and contribution to food

25、security. Urban water recycling, landscape irrigation in particular, is characterized by fast development and will play a crucial role for the sustainability of cities in the future including energy footprint reduction, human well-being, and environmental restoration.It is worth noting again that th

26、e suitability of treated wastewater for a given type of reuse depends on the compatibility between the wastewater availability (volume) and water irrigation demand throughout the year, as well as on the water quality and the specific use requirements. Water reuse for irrigation can convey some risks

27、 for health and environment, depending on the water quality, the irrigation water application method, the soil characteristics, the climate conditions, and the agronomic practices. Consequently, the public health and potential agronomic and environmental adverse impacts are to be considered as prior

28、ity elements in the successful development of water reuse projects for irrigation. To prevent such potential adverse impacts, the development and application of international guidelines for the reuse of treated wastewater is essential.The main water quality factors that determine the suitability of

29、treated wastewater for irrigation are pathogen content, salinity, sodicity, specific ion toxicity, other chemical elements, and nutrients. Local health authorities are responsible for establishing water quality threshold values depending on authorized uses and they are also responsible for defining

30、practices to ensure health and environmental protection taking into account local specificities.From an agronomic point of view, the main limitation in using treated wastewater for irrigation arises from its quality. Treated wastewater, unlike water supplied for domestic and industrial purposes, con

31、tains higher concentrations of inorganic suspended and dissolved materials (total soluble salts, sodium, chloride, boron, and heavy metals), which can damage the soil and irrigated crops. Dissolved salts are not removed by conventional wastewater treatment technologies and appropriate good managemen

32、t, agronomic, and irrigation practices should be used to avoid or minimize potential negative impacts.The presence of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) can become an advantage due to possible saving in fertilizers. However, the amount of nutrients provided by treated wastewater along t

33、he irrigation period is not necessarily synchronized with crop requirements and the availability of nutrients depends on the chemical forms.This guideline provides guidance for healthy, hydrological, environmental and good operation, monitoring, and maintenance of water reuse projects for unrestrict

34、ed and restricted irrigation of agricultural crops, gardens, and landscape areas using treated wastewater. The quality of supplied treated wastewater has to reflect the possible uses according to crop sensitivity (health-wise and ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16075-2:2015ISO 16075-2:2015(E)ag

35、ronomy-wise), water sources (the hydrologic sensitivity of the project area), the soil, and climate conditions.This guideline refers to factors involved in water reuse projects for irrigation regardless of size, location, and complexity. It is applicable to intended uses of treated wastewater in a g

36、iven project even if such uses will change during the projects lifetime as a result of the changes in the project itself or in the applicable legislation.The key factors in assuring the health, environmental, and safety of water reuse projects in irrigation are the following: meticulous monitoring o

37、f treated wastewater quality to ensure the system functions as planned and designed; design and maintenance instructions of the irrigation systems to ensure their proper long-term operation; compatibility between the treated wastewater quality, the distribution method, and the intended soil and crop

38、s to ensure a viable use of the soil and undamaged crop growth; compatibility between the treated wastewater quality and its use to prevent or minimize possible contamination of groundwater or surface water sources.vi ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16075-2:2015INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16075-2:

39、2015(E)Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects Part 2: Development of the project1 ScopeThis part of ISO 16075 covers the following issues: criteria for the design of treated wastewater (herinafter: TWW) irrigation projects intended to prevent public health risks within the pop

40、ulation that has been in direct or indirect contact with the TWW or with any product that has come in contact with the TWW; specifications of the following:i) the quality of the TWW that can be used for irrigation;ii) the types of crops that can be irrigated with TWW;iii) the combination of the qual

41、ities of the irrigated TWW and the types of crops that can be irrigated;iv) the strategy of using barriers that can reduce the risks that arise from TWW irrigation;v) the correlation between the quality of the TWW, the irrigated crops, and the types of barriers that can be used;vi) the distance requ

42、ired between the TWW irrigation areas and residential areas.vii) none of the parts of this part of ISO 16075 are intended to be used for certification purposes.2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references.3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms3.1 General3.1.1aquiferunderground layer

43、of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted3.1.2background waterfreshwater (3.1.10) supplied for domestic, institutional, commercial, and industrial use from which wastewater (3.1.22) is created ISO 2015 All rights reser

44、ved 1BS ISO 16075-2:2015ISO 16075-2:2015(E)3.1.3barrierany means that reduces or prevents the risk of human infection by preventing contact between the TWW and the ingested produce or other means that, for example, reduces the concentration of microorganisms in the TWW or prevents their survival on

45、the ingested produce3.1.4environmentsurroundings in which an organization (3.1.13) operates including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation3.1.5environmental aspectelement of an organizations (3.1.13) activities, projects, or products that can interact wi

46、th the environment (3.1.4)3.1.6environmental impactany change to environmental quality whether adverse or beneficial or wholly or partly resulting from an organizations (3.1.13) activities, projects, or products (3.1.15)3.1.7environmental parameterquantifiable attribute of an environmental aspect (3

47、.1.5)3.1.8fodder cropscrops not for human consumption such as pastures and forage, fiber, ornamental, seed, forest, and turf crops3.1.9food cropscrops which are intended for human consumption often further classified as to whether the food crop is to be cooked, processed, or consumed raw3.1.10freshw

48、aternaturally occurring water on the Earths surface (in ice, lakes, rivers, and streams) and underground as groundwater in aquifers (3.1.1)Note 1 to entry: Freshwater includes desalinated seawater and desalinated brackish water, but excludes seawater and brackish water.3.1.11irrigation projectdesign

49、, development, construction, selection of equipment, operation, and monitoring of works to provide suitable TWW irrigation3.1.12non-potable waterNPWwater that is not of drinking water qualityNote 1 to entry: It generally refers to wastewater (3.1.22) or TWW, but can also include other waters of non-drinking quality.3.1.13organizationgroup of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities, authorities, and relationships2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16075-2:2015ISO 16075-2:2015(E)3.1.14processset of interrelated or inte