BS 185-1-1969 Glossary of aeronautical and astronautical terms - General《航空和航天术语词汇 第1节 总则》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD OBSOLESCENT MARCH1987 BS185-1: 1969 Glossary of Aeronautical and astronautical terms Section 1: General UDC 001.4:629.7BS 185-1:1969 This British Standard, having been approved by the Aerospace Industry Standards Committee, was published under the authorityof the Executive Board of

2、the Institution on 31July1969 BSI 11-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference ACE/1 Draft for comment67/17817 ISBN 580 05890 5 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue Comments 1071 December 1972 Indicated by a sideline in the margi

3、nBS185-1:1969 BSI 11-1999 i Contents Page Foreword ii Section 1. General 1 Subsection 11. General 1 Subsection 12. Aircraft 2 Appendix A Classification of main types of aircraft 4BS 185-1:1969 ii BSI 11-1999 Foreword This glossary owes its inception to the appointment by the Aeronautical Society in1

4、909 of a Committee to prepare a preliminary list of terms peculiar to aeronautics, which was issued in1910, a revised and extended list appearing in1994. The Committee was reorganized in1916 and the first complete glossary was published in1918. In 1920, at the request of the Royal Aeronautical Socie

5、ty, the work was taken over by the British Standards Institution and the first British Standard Glossary of aeronautical terms was issued as BS185 in 1923, a revised edition being published in1933. A further revised provisional edition, for war time use, was issued in1940. Further revised editions,

6、which were necessitated by the rapid development of aeronautics, were published in19501951, and in19621965. Many new terms, in particular in the field of gas turbines and jet propulsion, were included in the former and new sections covering terms relating to ballistic and guided missiles, personnel

7、and aviation medicine were introduced during the latter revision. The present revised edition has been prepared to take account of development since1965. In particular, it includes a new subsection in Section3 dealing with fatigue terms and new sections covering terms relating to aerial survey and a

8、stronautics. The title of the glossary has also been amended to take account ofthe latter new section. The revised glossary will comprise the following sections: Section 1: General; Section 2: Motion of aircraft; Section 3: Structures; Section 4: Aerodynamics; Section 5: Heavier-than-air aircraft (A

9、erodynes); Section 6: Ballistic and guided missiles; Section 7: Lighter-than-air aircraft (Aerostats); Section 8: Power plant; Section 9: Propellers; Section 10: Auxiliary services; Section 11: (Not allotted); Section 12: Parachutes; Section 13: Air-traffic and ground services; Section 14: Radiocomm

10、unication and radiolocation; Section 15: Meteorology; Section 16: Personnel; Section 17: Aerospace medicine; Section 18: Astronautics. The revision is published in loose-leaf form to enable the various sections to be issued as they are completed, and to facilitate the task of keeping the glossary up

11、 to date as far as is practicable. As a result, it will be found that, until all the revised sections have been published, some terms appearing in particular sections in the19621965 edition also appear in different sections in this edition with revised definitions: in such cases the latter only are

12、referred to in the revised index and these should be taken as the standard definitions e.g.the definition of “rectified airspeed” is that given in Term No.4320 in this edition, not TermNo.11133 in the previous edition). It is recognized that some of the sections may need review immediately upon the

13、completion of the current revision, to take account of usages established during the period over which it has been prepared.BS185-1:1969 BSI 11-1999 iii The object of the glossary is to provide standard definitions of technical terms peculiar to aeronautics, astronautics and related subjects. The co

14、ining of new terms has been avoided, the work being confined to the crystalization of existing terms in their best accepted usage. Terms in general use in other branches of engineering are only included where they have some special significance in aeronautics or astronautics. The descriptions used b

15、y official bodies in identifying and purchasing some classes of stores are those specified, in accordance with NATO Codification System, by the Ministry of Defence (Defence Codification Authority); they do not necessarily agree with the generally accepted terms given in this glossary. Where two or m

16、ore synonymous terms are in use, the term which is favoured is given first, with the intention that it should gradually displace the other. The alternative terms are given below the preferred terms in less prominent type. While purporting to give the generally accepted meaning of term, a definition

17、should not be regarded as in any case taking the place of a specification. Each definition has assigned to it a4-digit or5-digit number. The first one (or two) digits, in the thousands place, represents the section. This section number with the following digit in the hundreds place represents the su

18、bsection. The last two digits represent the position of the definition in the subsection. Thus definition2225 is the25th definition of Subsection22, which is in Section2. The general arrangement of the items in each subsection, and in groups under a subsection, is alphabetical. It has, however, been

19、 considered desirable in certain cases to bring related terms together under a heading or a general definition, and these terms are printed in a distinctive italic type. In the definitions, terms which are not defined in the glossary but which it is thought desirable to include in the index are prin

20、ted in bold-face type. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages T

21、his document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages1to 4 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.iv blankBS185-1:1969 BSI 11-1

22、999 1 Section 1. General Subsection 11. General No. Term Definition 1101 aeronautics All activities relating to aerial locomotion. (Cf.1109.) 1102 aerostation The operation of lighter-than-air aircraft. (Cf.1109.) 1103 aircraft dinghy An inflatable boat carried in an aircraft for use after alighting

23、 on water. 1104 airworthy Complying with the regulations prescribed by the competent authority certifying the fitness for flight of an aircraft. 1105 altitude The vertical distance above mean sea-level. (Cf. 1118.) 1106 density altitude DENSITY HEIGHT An atmospheric density expressed as the altitude

24、 which corresponds to that density in the International Standard atmosphere. 1107 pressure altitude PRESSURE HEIGHT An atmospheric pressure expressed as the altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the International Standard atmosphere. 1108 altitude chamber A chamber in which conditions of pr

25、essure, and sometimes temperature, ataltitude can be simulated for test purposes. 1109 aviation 1. The operation of heavier-than-air aircraft. (Cf. 1102.) 2. Synonym for “aeronautics”. 1110 avionics The application of electronics to aeronautics and astronautics. 1111 buoyancy The vertical force on a

26、n aircraft, or other body, wholly or partly immersed in a fluid, equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. 1112 centre of buoyancy The centre of gravity of the fluid displaced by an aircraft, or other body, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid. 1113 reserve buoyancy Excess of the buoyancy of a

27、seaplane, with its hull or floats completely immersed, over its weight. 1114 elevation 1. The altitude of a point on the Earths surface. 2. The angle between the observers horizontal plane and the oblique line from the observer to a given point above him. (Abbreviation for “angle of elevation”.) 111

28、5 flight simulator Equipment, in which certain flight conditions are simulated as far as possible, used for training aircrew to operate a given type of aircraft, or for investigating the flying characteristics of an aircraft. 1116 gas dynamics The science of the flow of gases, especially when compre

29、ssibility and “real gas” effects such as dissociation or non-continuum behaviour are present. 1117 ground, to To prohibit an aircraft from flying. 1118 height The vertical distance above a specified datum. (Cf. 1105.) 1119 magnetofluiddynamics MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD) MAGNETOGASDYNAMICS The study

30、of the flow of electrically conducting fluids (e.g.ionizedgases) in magnetic fields.BS 185-1:1969 2 BSI 11-1999 Subsection 12. Aircraft The classification of the main types of aircraft defined in this subsection is shown diagrammatically inAppendix A. No. Term Definition 1120 mechanics of fluids The

31、 study of the mechanical interactions of a body and a fluid with which it is in contact. Fluid dynamics is the branch which deals with relative motion of a body and a fluid and fluid statics deals with a body and fluid without relative motion. The fluid concerned is sometimes identified by a suitabl

32、e prefix, e.g.aerodynamics and aerostatics (air), hydrodynamics and hydrostatics (water). The prefixes aero and hydro are, however, often usedto distinguish merely between gas and liquid. 1121 plasma An electrically conductive state of a gas in which it is comprised of neutral particles, ionized par

33、ticles and free electrons but, taken as a whole, is electrically neutral. 1121A standby REDUNDANCY The provision of more than one way, at component or operational level, of accomplishing a given task, so that the probability of failure is reduced to an acceptable level. The ways provided need not al

34、l take the same form. 1122 times airborne time The period beginning at the time when the aircraft leaves the Earths surface and ending when it again makes contact with the Earths surface. 1123 flight time BLOCK TIME CHOCK-TO-CHOCK TIME BUOY-TO-BUOY TIME The period beginning at the time when the airc

35、raft starts to move under the control of the pilot and ending when it returns to rest at the end of the flight. 1124 flying time The summation of the flight times. 1125 ground running-time The period of engine-running time while an aircraft is at rest and/or taxiing. A. General 1201 aircraft A vehic

36、le designed to travel through the air outside the ground effect region. 1202 heavier-than-air aircraft AERODYNE An aircraft which derives its lift chiefly from aerodynamic forces. 1203 lighter-than-air aircraft AEROSTAT An aircraft which is supported chiefly by its buoyancy in air. B. Heavier-than-a

37、ir aircraft 1204 aeroplane A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft with supporting surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight. 1205 amphibian An aircraft capable of operating from either a land or a water surface. 1206 boat amphibian An amphibian of which the main body or hull is

38、also the means of support on water. 1207 float amphibian An amphibian provided with floats as its means of support on water.BS185-1:1969 BSI 11-1999 3 No. Term Definition 1208 landplane An aeroplane capable of operating from a land surface. 1209 seaplane An aeroplane capable of operating from a wate

39、r surface. 1210 float seaplane A seaplane provided with floats as its means of support on water. 1211 flying boat BOAT SEAPLANE A seaplane of which the main body or hull is also the means of support on water. 1212 glider A non-power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft. (Cf. 5301.) 1213 kite A non-power

40、-driven heavier-than-air aircraft without controls, anchored or towed by a line. 1214 ornithopter A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reaction of the air on wings to which a flapping motion is imparted. 1215 rotorcraft A heavier-than-air aircraft which derives lift from a

41、rotor or rotors. 1216 cyclogyro PADDLE-PLANE A rotorcraft on which the rotor is similar in form to a paddle wheel, power-driven about a horizontal axis. 1217 gyroplane A rotorcraft with non-power-driven rotor(s) rotating about axes which are vertical, or nearly so, when the aircraft is in horizontal

42、 flight. 1218 helicopter A rotorcraft deriving lift from power-driven rotor(s) rotating about axes which are vertical, or nearly so, when the aircraft is in horizontal flight. C. Lighter-than-air aircraft 1219 airship A power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft. 1220 non-rigid airship An airship in whi

43、ch the internal pressure alone maintains the designed shape of the envelope. 1221 rigid airship An airship having a rigid framework to maintain the designed shape of the envelope. 1222 semi-rigid airship An airship having a rigid longitudinal member to distribute the load and to assist in maintainin

44、g the designed shape of the envelope. 1223 balloon a A non-power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft. 1224 captive balloon A balloon anchored or towed by a line. 1225 free balloon A balloon floating freely in the air. a For instrument-carrying balloons see Section15, Meteorology.BS 185-1:1969 4 BSI 11-

45、1999 Appendix A Classification of main types of aircraftblankBS185-1: 1969 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSIBritishStandardsInstitution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing BritishStandards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international

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