ASTM F2417-2009 Standard Specification for Fire Safety for Candles《蜡烛的防火安全标准规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: F 2417 09Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses

2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification is intended to prescribe minimumsafety requirements for candles to provide a reasonable degreeof safety for normal use with candles, there

3、by improvingpersonal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace otherimportant safety practices that should be in place, such as adultsupervision, close monitoring, fire detection, alarm or suppres-sion systems, and use of candles away from comb

4、ustiblematerials.1.3 Flame-producing devices, such as candles, present apotential hazard to the user. This specification cannot eliminateall hazards, but will minimize the potential hazards of candlesto the user.1.4 This specification is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, product

5、s, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This specification states values in SI units which are tobe regarded

6、as the standard. The values given in parenthesis arefor information only.1.6 This specification does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and deter

7、mine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterE 136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical

8、Tube Furnace at 750CE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsF 400 Consumer Safety Specification for LightersF 1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles andAssociated Accessory Items2.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 909 Code for the Protection of Cultural Resources3. Terminology3.1 Certain candle-related termi

9、nology is addressed inGuide F 1972, and the reader is directed to that guide fordefinitions not found in 3.2. For definitions of terms associatedwith fire issues, see Terminology E 176.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 altar candle, ncandle that is constructed, packaged,and labeled as an altar candle.3.2.1.1 Di

10、scussionThe candle is used in a place of wor-ship in close proximity to the altar during the religious serviceor ceremony.3.2.2 base material, nintended fuel source for candleflame.3.2.3 birthday candle, ncandle whose sole purpose is tobe used on a birthday cake.3.2.4 candle flashover, ncondition wh

11、ere the base mate-rials vapors ignite over the entire fuel pool.3.2.5 Easter, Paschal, sacramental candle, ncandle that isconstructed, packaged, and labeled as an Easter, Paschal, orsacramental candle (or some combination of these names, forexample, Easter/Paschal), generally 43.2 cm (17.0 in.) or m

12、orein length.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe candle shall be displayed andburned in the place of worship as the focal candle during Easteror with the celebration of various sacraments. The candle isadorned with symbols and ornamentation as required anddeemed appropriate.3.2.6 end of useful life, nwhen the can

13、dle ceases tosupport combustion and the candle flame(s) goes(go) out on itsown, as designed, and cannot be re-lit.3.2.7 ensemble, na candle and items physically packagedtogether and intended for use with the candle for sale as oneunit at the retail level.1This specification is under the jurisdiction

14、 of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 onCandle Products.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 2417 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the A

15、STM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.1

16、Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.8 fuel pool, npool of molten base material.3.2.9 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting andburning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.3.2.9.1 DiscussionMaterials

17、 that are reported as passingTest Method E 136 are considered noncombustible.3.2.10 place of worship, nany building that functionsprimarily as a group meeting place for the practice of religion(see NFPA 909).3.2.10.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,churches, synagogues, cathedrals, te

18、mples, and meeting halls.3.2.11 secondary ignition, nself-sustained flame otherthan that on the intended wick(s) that occurs during candle use,including candle flashover.3.2.12 self-sustained flame, nflame that continues to burnuntil the fuel source is removed or depleted or requires manualextinguis

19、hing.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Flame HeightThis safetyrequirement applies to all candles except candles intended to beburned outdoors.4.1.1 Rationale:4.1.1.1 Candle flame heights are burn characteristics thatshall be monitored closely by manufacturers, consumers,retailers, an

20、d anyone associated with the distribution and use ofcandles.4.1.1.2 Excessive candle flame heights can increase the riskof fires when using candle products.4.1.1.3 The 76.2-mm (3.0-in.) maximum allowable flameheight requirement for all candles excluding Easter, Paschal,sacramental, altar, and outdoo

21、r candles is, in part, based on theestablished requirement for nonadjustable, non-windprooflighters contained in Consumer Safety Specification F 400,taking into account certain differences in measurement meth-ods and other candle performance considerations not relevantto fire safety. In addition, ca

22、ndle flame heights are not static.The natural tendency of a candle is for the flame height to varyduring the burn life. The maximum allowable flame heightrequirement in this specification takes into account suchvariation and anticipates that manufacturers will design candlesto ensure that they remai

23、n below the maximum flame heightrequirement throughout the burning period. Furthermore, themanufacturer shall determine the appropriate lower flameheight for optimum performance for individual candle types.4.1.1.4 The 95.3-mm (3.75-in.) maximum allowable flameheight requirement for Easter, Paschal,

24、sacramental, and altarcandles is larger than other candles because visibility of theflame during services at the place of worship warrants slightlylarger flame heights.4.1.2 Performance Requirement:4.1.2.1 Candle flame heights (other than those of Easter,Paschal, sacramental, altar, and outdoor cand

25、les), when testedin accordance with the test method in 5.2, shall not exceed 76.2mm (3.0 in.). If at any time during the testing period the flameheight exceeds 76.2 mm (3.0 in.), extinguish that candle andrecord it as a failure.4.1.2.2 Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altar candle flameheights, whe

26、n tested in accordance with the test method in 5.2,shall not exceed 95.3 mm (3.75 in.). If at any time during thetesting period the flame height exceeds 95.3 mm (3.75 in.),extinguish that candle and record it as a failure.4.1.2.3 For filled candles, if at any time during the testingperiod, regardles

27、s of flame height, the container cracks orbreaks, it shall be recorded as a failure.4.2 Safety Requirements for Secondary IgnitionThissafety requirement applies to all candles and ensembles withthe exception of Easter, Paschal, and sacramental candlesspecifically designed to be used during the servi

28、ce at the placeof worship.4.2.1 Rationale:4.2.1.1 Potential hazards associated with secondary ignitionsources in and on candles exist, especially if the candle is notdesigned properly. The ignition of material other than theintended wick(s) may result in damaged candles, elevated fuelpool temperatur

29、es, excessively rapid base material consump-tion, and unintended flames. All of these conditions could leadto potential fire hazards.4.2.1.2 This requirement describes the method to determinethe tendency of candles to support ignition at points other thanthe intended wick(s) that are integrated into

30、 the candles toenable them to burn.4.2.2 Performance Requirement:4.2.2.1 When the candle is tested in accordance with 5.2 ofthis specification, no secondary ignition shall occur.4.2.2.2 Record the candle as passing the secondary ignitionspecification if no secondary ignition is observed during thete

31、sting.4.3 Safety Requirements for End of Useful LifeThis safetyrequirement applies to all votive, freestanding, and filled(including tealights) candles and to all ensembles containingtealights. This safety requirement does not apply to candlesrequiring a holder to keep them upright, birthday candles

32、, andcandles intended to float on water.4.3.1 RationaleWhen the candle meets the safety require-ments for the end of useful life, this will reduce the risk of fires.4.3.2 Performance Requirement:4.3.2.1 Record votive and filled (including tealights) candleor tealight ensembles as passing the end of

33、useful life require-ment when tested in accordance with the test method in 5.2 ifthe candle or tealight ensemble meets the definition in 3.2.6and does not break or crack the container, does not exhibitexcessive flame height, and does not exhibit secondary ignitionas detailed in this specification.4.

34、3.2.2 Record the freestanding candle as passing the end ofuseful life requirement when tested in accordance with the testmethod in 5.2 if the candle meets the definition in 3.2.6 and theflame does not impinge on the supporting surface, does notexhibit excessive flame height, does not exhibit seconda

35、ryignition as detailed in this specification, and does not tip overon its own accord when tested on a level surface in accordancewith 5.2.NOTE 1The use of current processes or devices that limit the candle8sability to consume all of the available fuel is offered as a way to reducecandle fires that o

36、ccur at the end of the candle8s life. This does notpreclude the development of other suitable means to meet the require-ments set forth in 4.3-4.3.2.2. This reduces heat buildup at the end of lifeand the possibility of secondary ignition, candle flashover, and containerfailure. While it is understoo

37、d that current processes and devices will notF2417092guarantee that all fuel will not be consumed, the anticipated benefit inreducing candle fires warrants their consideration for use.4.4 Safety Requirements for StabilityThis safety require-ment is intended to cover freestanding candles that are nor

38、-mally used without the aid of a holding device to keep themupright, filled candles (including tealights), and ensembles.Candles requiring a holder to keep them upright and votivecandles are excluded unless they are incorporated in anensemble. Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altar candlesspecifica

39、lly designed for use during the service at the place ofworship are also excluded from the requirements of thissection.4.4.1 RationaleThis requirement is intended to minimizethe hazards of candle tip over.4.4.2 Performance Requirement:4.4.2.1 Candles specified in 4.4 must not tip over whenplaced on a

40、 minimum 10.0 incline when tested in accordancewith 5.3 in this specification.4.4.2.2 Asymmetrical candles must pass this requirement ifthey do not tip over when rotated around the candles verticalaxis and tested on the incline apparatus in all orientations inaccordance with 5.3.4.4.2.3 Candles must

41、 remain stable when tested on a levelsurface in accordance with 5.2 and not tip over at any timeduring the candle burning performance test.4.5 Safety Requirements for Tea Light CupsThis require-ment applies to all tea light cups used for candles. Tea lightcups constructed of noncombustible materials

42、 are exempt fromthis test.4.5.1 RationaleTea light cups are intended to be used inclose proximity to an open flame. A wide variety of materials(for example, plastics) are used for tea light cups, some ofwhich are inappropriate and can catch fire resulting in apotential candle fire hazard. When tea l

43、ight cups meet thisrequirement for flammability the risk will be reduced of the tealight cup igniting while in use and contributing to a candle fire.4.5.2 The tea light cups specified in 4.5 must have a totalburn time less than or equal to 300 s with no single burn timeevent exceeding 30 s when the

44、cups are tested in accordancewith the method in 5.4 of this standard.5. Test Methods5.1 Candle fire safety issues intended to be monitored bythese test methods include flame height, secondary ignition,end of useful life, and stability.5.2 Candle Burning Performance Test:5.2.1 Summary of Test MethodC

45、andle wicks are trimmedin accordance with the labels instructions. If no information isprovided on the label, the wicks are not trimmed for this test.All candles except tealights, tealight ensembles, and gel-containing candles are lit and allowed to burn for 4 h withperiodic observation. Gel candles

46、 and candles containing anygel materials shall be lit and allowed to burn for 8 h withperiodic observation. This procedure is repeated until the endof the candles useful life. Flame heights are observed atspecified intervals and recorded at the end of each burn cycle.Flame heights shall be measured

47、and recorded in millimetres(inches).5.2.2 Apparatus:5.2.2.1 Nonflammable measuring device graduated in mil-limetres (inches),5.2.2.2 Candle holder/glass (if applicable),5.2.2.3 Lighter, matches, or other source of ignition,5.2.2.4 Test surface-level, noncombustible, and5.2.2.5 Wick-trimming device.5

48、.2.3 Safety HazardsWarningThere is an inherent riskof working with and around open flames.5.2.3.1 Appropriate personal protective equipment must beused and safe work practices must be followed.5.2.3.2 Fire suppression equipment capable of mitigatingfires associated with candle fire safety testing mu

49、st be readilyavailable during testing.5.2.4 Procedure:5.2.4.1 Remove all outer wrapping. Remove label(s) inaccordance with label instructions before initiating the burntest.5.2.4.2 The burn test area will be environmentally con-trolled to 20 to 30C (68 to 86F) with minimal disturbance ofthe flames of the candles under test. Drafts affect flame heightsand shall be minimized.5.2.4.3 Place candles with the wicks in a straight/uprightposition. When appropriate, place candles in a holder and trimwicks in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.5