ASTM E689-2010 8750 Standard Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron Castings《球墨铸铁件的标准参考底片》.pdf
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1、Designation: E689 10Standard Reference Radiographs forDuctile Iron Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard extends the application of steel castingreference radiographs E446, E186, and E280 to ductile ironcastings when determined appropriate for sp
3、ecific applications(see Section 4).1.2 The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to E446,E186,orE280, and must be purchased separately from ASTMInternational, if needed (see 2.1). Categories and severitylevels for each discontinuity type represented by these refer-ence radiographs are described
4、within each applicable standardabove.NOTE 1The basis of application for these reference radiographsrequires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examinationattributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 5, and 6of this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport
5、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Gui
6、de for Radiographic ExaminationE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. 51 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio-graphic Images as Certain Parameters Are ChangedE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in. 114 to 305-mm) Steel Cast
7、ingsE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.51 mm in ThicknessE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to radio-graphic examination, see Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1
8、production radiographa radiograph under reviewfor compliance with this standard.3.2.2 Discontinuity typea specific discontinuity character-ized by its cause and appearance. For example, linear shrinkageis a specific discontinuity type.3.2.3 discontinuity categorya nomenclature system usedfor groupin
9、g discontinuity types. For example, linear shrinkageis assigned category “Ca” where “C” represents the generalshrinkage category and “a” represents the specific linearshrinkage discontinuity type.3.2.4 discontinuity severity levela relative rank in termsof “quantity, size and distribution” of a coll
10、ection of disconti-nuities where “1” is the least and “5” is the greatest “quantity,size and distribution” present on the reference radiograph. Forexample, a severity level of “1” is more restrictive (requires ahigher level of fabrication quality) than a severity level of “2”.3.2.5 discontinuity cla
11、ssan assigned fabrication qualityrating characterized by a discontinuity type, category andseverity level. For example, “Ca 2” is a discontinuity classcomprised of linear shrinkage with a severity level of “2”.3.2.6 classification specificationa set of user defined ac-ceptance criterion that prescri
12、bes the radiographic discontinu-ity class requirements for a specified user casting serviceapplication (see Sections 6 and 7).3.2.7 graded illustrationa category of discontinuity that isassigned a severity level.3.2.8 ungraded illustrationa category of discontinuitywithout an assigned severity level
13、.3.2.9 proratingassignment of quantity, size and distribu-tion on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar sizearea of a reference radiograph. For example, a productionradiograph covers an area that is smaller than the unit area ofa reference radiograph and the extent of discontinuity on t
14、heapplicable reference radiograph is reduced proportionately.4. Significance and Use4.1 The casting process has demonstrated radiographicsimilarities between internal discontinuities for ductile castiron and cast steel to the extent that the reference radiographs1This reference radiograph is under t
15、he jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 onReference Radiological Images.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E689 95(2004)1.D
16、OI: 10.1520/E0689-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
17、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.for steel castings are applicable. The exact application andusage of discontinuity classifications contained within steelcasting reference radiographs must, however, give consider-ation to the differences in material properti
18、es between cast steeland ductile cast iron. In some applications, reference radio-graphs for steel castings may not be entirely applicable toductile cast iron material dependent upon design or other usagecriteria.4.2 When employing steel casting reference radiographs toevaluate ductile iron castings
19、, the applicable E446, E186,orE280 steel casting written standard shall also be used forspecific guidance and evaluation procedures.4.3 These reference radiographs are intended as a basis fromwhich manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agree-ment, select particular discontinuity classes to ser
20、ve as stan-dards representing minimum levels of acceptability. Referenceradiographs represented by these steel casting standards maybe used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, forradiation energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range ofthese standards when determined applicabl
21、e for the castingservice application5. Determination of Radiographic Classification5.1 For purposes of evaluation of castings, a determinationmust be made of the radiographic discontinuity classificationsto be assigned to individual castings or specific areas ofcastings. The determination of the app
22、licable radiographicdiscontinuity classification shall be based on an evaluation ofthe casting applications, design, and service requirements. Inthese evaluations, consideration shall be given to such factorsas pressure, temperature, section thickness, applicable designsafety factor, vibration, shoc
23、k, resistance to corrosion, involve-ment of penetrating radiations or radiation products, andinvolvement of dangerous gases or liquids.5.2 For each individual casting or specific area of a castingto be radiographed, the discontinuity class must be clearlyspecified. For example, severity level 2 migh
24、t be specified forlinear shrinkage, Category Ca, and severity level 3 for gasporosity, Category A, since the latter are generally much lessdeleterious to tensile properties (see Section 6).5.3 When determining discontinuity severity levels for in-dividual castings spanning multiple thickness ranges
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