ANSI ASME PTC 4.3-2017 Air Heaters.pdf

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1、Air HeatersPerformance Test CodesAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDASME PTC 4.3-2017Revision of ASME PTC 4.3-1968 (R1991)ASME PTC 4.3-2017Revision of ASME PTC 4.3-1968 (R1991)Air HeatersPerformance Test CodesAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDTwo Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 USADate of Issuance: March 31, 20

2、17This Code will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition.ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of thisStandard. Interpretations are published on the Committee Web page and under go.asme.org/InterpsDatabase. Periodically ce

3、rtain actions of the ASME PTC Committee may be published as Cases.Cases are published on the ASME Web site under the PTC Committee Page atgo.asme.org/PTCcommittee as they are issued.Errata to codes and standards may be posted on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages toprovide corrections to in

4、correctly published items, or to correct typographical or grammatical errorsin codes and standards. Such errata shall be used on the date posted.The PTC Committee Page can be found at go.asme.org/PTCcommittee. There is an option availableto automatically receive an e-mail notification when errata ar

5、e posted to a particular code or standard.This option can be found on the appropriate Committee Page after selecting “Errata” in the “PublicationInformation” section.ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.This code or standard was developed under procedures

6、accredited as meeting the criteria for American NationalStandards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals fromcompetent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was madeavailable for publ

7、ic review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.ASME does not take any position with respect to th

8、e validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with anyitems mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability forinfringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expresslya

9、dvised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, isentirely their own responsibility.Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted asgovernment or industry endorsement

10、of this code or standard.ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the establishedASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,in an elec

11、tronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersTwo Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2017 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.CONTENTSNotice . xiiForeword

12、 xiiiCommittee Roster . xivCorrespondence With the PTC Committee xvIntroduction . xviiSection 1 Object and Scope . 11-1 Object . 11-2 Scope 11-3 Measurement Uncertainty 1Section 2 Definitions of Terms and Symbols 22-1 General 22-2 Definitions . 22-3 Calculation Acronyms 52-3.1 Property Symbols 62-3.

13、2 Function Symbols 62-3.3 Equipment, Stream, and Efficiency Symbols . 62-3.4 Location, Area, Component, and Constituent Symbols 72-3.5 Correction Symbols 72-3.6 Computational Acronyms Used In Section 5 Computation ofResults 72-3.7 Uncertainty Acronyms Used In Section 5 Computation of Results 72-3.8

14、General List of Symbols Used in Section 7 72-4 Abbreviations 72-5 Abbreviations for the Boundary Figures 82-5.1 Property Symbols 82-5.2 Equipment and Stream Symbols 82-5.3 Location Symbols 82-5.4 Correction/Design Symbols 82-5.5 Air Heater/Air Preheater Boundaries . 82-5.6 Sequence 8Section 3 Guidin

15、g Principles. 143-1 Introduction . 143-2 Preparation for the Test 143-2.1 Pretest Agreements 153-2.2 Pretest Uncertainty Analysis 163-2.3 Selection and Training of Test Personnel 163-2.4 Pretest Checkout . 163-2.5 Pretest Traverse 163-2.6 Preliminary Run . 163-3 Method of Operation During Test 163-3

16、.1 Stability of Test Conditions . 163-3.2 Duration of Runs 173-3.3 Adjustments During Test . 173-3.4 Rejection of Runs 173-3.5 Number of Runs and Repeatability Criteria . 173-3.6 Multiple Runs . 173-4 Comparing Results With Standard or Design Performance . 183-5 Multiple Air Heater Configurations 18

17、iii3-5.1 Multiple Air Heaters of the Same Design/Type . 183-5.2 Multiple Air Heaters of Different Designs/Types 183-6 Uncertainty 183-7 References to Other Codes and Standards 183-7.1 ASME Performance Test Codes . 183-7.2 ASTM Standard Methods 193-7.3 GPA Standard . 193-7.4 ISA Standard 19Section 4

18、Instruments and Methods of Measurement 224-1 Introduction . 224-2 Data Required . 224-3 Grid . 224-3.1 Measurement Location . 224-3.2 Stratification . 234-4 Flow Weighting 244-5 Temperature Measurement . 254-5.1 Thermocouples 254-5.2 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers . 264-5.3 RTDs 264-5.4 Systematic Unc

19、ertainty . 274-5.5 Air and Flue Gas Measurements 274-5.6 Dry Bulb (Ambient) and Wet Bulb Temperature . 284-5.7 Ice Bath Temperature 284-6 Pressure Measurement . 284-6.1 Pressure Reading Instruments 284-6.2 Systematic Uncertainty . 284-6.3 Static Pressure . 294-6.4 Velocity Pressure . 294-6.5 Averagi

20、ng of Fluctuating Pressure 304-6.6 Calculation of Velocity and Mass Flow From Velocity PressureMeasurements . 304-7 Flow Measurement . 334-7.1 General 334-7.2 Air and Flue Gas 334-7.3 Liquid Fuel 344-7.4 Gaseous Fuel 344-7.5 Solid Fuel and Sorbent Flow . 344-7.6 Residue Splits 344-8 O2Analysis 354-8

21、.1 Electronic Analyzers . 354-8.2 Chemical (Orsat) . 354-8.3 Gas Sampling Techniques 354-8.4 Preparation Methods . 364-9 Humidity Measurement 384-9.1 General 384-9.2 Systematic Uncertainty for Humidity Measurement . 384-9.3 Method of Measurement . 384-10 Fuel, Sorbent, and Residue Sampling . 384-10.

22、1 General 384-10.2 Method of Solid Fuel and Sorbent Sampling 384-10.3 Methods of Liquid or Gas Sampling 394-10.4 Residue Sampling 394-10.5 Systematic Uncertainty . 404-10.6 Methods to Determine Average and Standard Deviation of the Mean 404-11 Fuel, Sorbent, and Residue Analysis 424-11.1 General 42i

23、v4-11.2 Systematic Uncertainty for Fuel, Sorbent, and Residue Analysis . 424-11.3 Methods of Fuel, Sorbent, and Residue Analysis 424-12 General Measurement Requirements 424-13 Determination of Systematic Uncertainty Due to Measurements . 43Section 5 Computation of Results 555-1 Introduction . 555-2

24、Measurement Data Reduction 555-2.1 Calibration Corrections . 555-2.2 Outliers 555-2.3 Averaging Test Measurement Data 565-2.4 Random Uncertainty . 575-3 Combustion and Efficiency Calculations 595-3.1 Fuel Properties . 595-3.2 Sorbent and Other Additive Properties . 605-3.3 MpUbC and MpCb Unburned Ca

25、rbon in Fuel and Carbon Burned,Percent Mass 625-3.4 Combustion Air Properties . 635-3.5 Flue Gas Products 675-3.6 QrF Fuel Input, Btu/hr (W) . 705-4 Air and Gas Mass Flow Rates 735-4.1 Multiple AHs of the Same Type 745-4.2 Multiple AHs of Different Types (e.g., Primary and Secondary AirHeaters) . 75

26、5-5 Flue Gas Air Heater Calculations . 765-5.1 Performance Parameters 765-5.2 TMnA8 Composite Entering Air Temperature 765-5.3 TMnA9 Composite Leaving Air Temperature . 765-5.4 TMnFg14 Composite Entering Gas Temperature, F (C) 775-5.5 EFFg Gas-Side Effectiveness . 775-5.6 EFA Air-Side Effectiveness

27、. 775-5.7 MpAl Percent Air Heater Leakage . 775-5.8 TFg15NL Gas Temperature Excluding Leakage . 775-5.9 Test X-Ratio . 785-6 Flue Gas Air Heater Performance Corrected to the Standard or DesignConditions 785-6.1 TFg15NLCr Air Heater Exit Gas Temperature (Excluding Leakage)Corrected to Design Conditio

28、ns 785-6.2 TA9Cr Air Temperature Leaving the Air Heater, Corrected to DesignConditions 795-6.3 MpAlCr Air Leakage Corrected for Deviation From DesignPressure Differential and From Design Entering Air Temperature 805-6.4 PDiFg14Fg15Cr Gas-Side Pressure Differential Corrected forDeviation From Design

29、Gas Mass Flow Rate and Temperature, in. wg(Pa) . 805-6.5 PDiA8A9Cr Air-Side Pressure Differential Corrected for DeviationFrom Design Air Mass Flow Rate and Temperature, in. wg (Pa) . 815-7 Uncertainty 815-7.1 Sensitivity Coefficients . 815-7.2 Random Uncertainty and Degrees of Freedom 825-7.3 Random

30、 Component of Uncertainty 825-7.4 Systematic Uncertainty . 835-7.5 Test Uncertainty . 845-8 Air Preheater Coils . 845-8.1 Items to Be Measured 845-8.2 TA8Cr Air Temperature Leaving the Air Heater, Corrected toStandard or Design Conditions . 84v5-8.3 PDiA7A8Cr Air-Side Pressure Differential Corrected

31、 for DeviationFrom Design Air Mass Flow Rate and Temperature . 855-9 Enthalpy/Specific Heat of Air, Flue Gas, Water Vapor, and Residue 865-9.1 Enthalpy of Air 865-9.2 Enthalpy of Flue Gas . 865-10 Acronyms and Symbols 875-10.1 Air Heater/Air Preheater Boundaries . 875-10.2 Computational Acronyms Use

32、d in Section 5 875-10.3 Uncertainty Acronyms Used in Section 5 . 87Section 6 Report of Results 956-1 General Requirements 956-2 Executive Summary 956-3 Introduction . 956-4 Calculations and Results . 956-5 Instrumentation 956-6 Conclusions 966-7 Appendices 96Section 7 Uncertainty Analysis. 977-1 Int

33、roduction . 977-1.1 Random Error . 977-1.2 Systematic Error . 977-2 Uncertainty 977-2.1 Uncertainty Due to Random Error 977-2.2 Uncertainty Due to Systematic Error 977-3 Fundamental Concepts . 987-3.1 Benefits of Uncertainty Analysis 987-3.2 Uncertainty Analysis Principles . 987-3.3 Averaging . 997-

34、4 Procedures for Determining Random Uncertainty . 997-4.1 Standard Deviation of Individual Parameters . 997-4.2 Standard Deviation and Degrees of Freedom of IntermediateResults 1027-4.3 Standard Deviation and Degrees of Freedom of Test Results . 1027-5 Guidance for Determining Systematic Uncertainty

35、 1027-5.1 General Rules 1037-5.2 Systematic Uncertainties Due to Instrumentation 1037-5.3 Systematic Uncertainty in Spatially Nonuniform Parameters 1037-5.4 Systematic Uncertainty Due to Assumed Values for UnmeasuredParameters 1067-5.5 Degrees of Freedom for Systematic Uncertainty Estimates . 1067-5

36、.6 Systematic Uncertainty for Test Results . 1067-6 Uncertainty of Test Results . 1067-6.1 Propagation of Uncertainties . 1067-6.2 Combined Uncertainty of Calculated Result . 1077-7 General List of Symbols for Section 7 . 1077-7.1 Subscripts . 1087-7.2 Superscript 108Mandatory AppendicesI Air Heater

37、 Exit Gas Temperature Excluding Leakage, TFg15NL 111I-1 General 111I-2 Bi-Sector Air Heater 111I-3 Tri-Sector Air Heater . 112II Sampling Systems. 115II-1 Portable Probes Point-to-Point Sampling 115viII-2 Fixed Grid Sampling Techniques . 115II-2.1 Fixed Grid Composite Sampling . 115II-2.2 Fixed Grid

38、 Point-to-Point (Single Pump) Sampling . 116II-2.3 Fixed Grid Point-to-Point (Dual Pump) Sampling 116II-2.4 Fixed Grid Combination Sampling . 117III Sample Calculations for Temperature Measurements . 121III-1 Thermometer (Degrees Fahrenheit) . 121III-1.1 Procedures When Not Correcting the Reading 12

39、1III-1.2 Procedures When Correcting the Reading . 121III-2 Thermocouples and Resistance Temperature Devices (DegreesFahrenheit) 122III-2.1 Combining Multiple Segments With Accuracy Checks . 122III-2.2 Combining Multiple Segments With Representative Accuracy Checks 122III-2.3 Using Accuracy Check Dat

40、a 123IV Sample Calculations for Oxygen Measurements . 146IV-1 Introduction . 146IV-2 Method 1 Correct Individual Readings . 146IV-2.1 Procedure 146IV-2.2 Example . 146IV-3 Method 2 Single Correction for All Data Collected Between AccuracyChecks 148IV-3.1 Procedure 148IV-3.2 Example . 148IV-4 Method

41、3 Measured Values Not Corrected . 150IV-4.1 Procedure 150IV-4.2 Example . 150V Nondirectional and Directional Flow Probes . 157V-1 Introduction . 157V-2 Pitot-Static Tubes 157V-3 Stauscheibe Tube . 157V-4 Three-Hole Fechheimer . 157V-5 Five-Hole Fechheimer 157V-6 Probe Calibration 157V-7 Yaw and Pit

42、ch . 158V-7.1 Instruments 158V-7.2 Accuracy 158V-7.3 Calibration 158V-7.4 Number of Readings . 159V-7.5 Operation . 159V-8 Correction of Traverse Data 159V-8.1 Guideline for Initial Estimation of Probe Coefficient . 159V-8.2 Correction for Probe Coefficient and Probe Blockage 160Nonmandatory Appendi

43、cesA Sample Calculations . 174A-1 Introduction . 174A-2 Input Data Sheets 174A-3 Integrated Uncertainty Input Sheets 174A-4 Output U.S. Units (Input and Calculation Sheet) . 174A-5 Combustion and Efficiency Calculations 174A-6 Corrected Air Heater Performance Calculation Sheets . 174A-7 Air Heater P

44、erformance Uncertainty Worksheets 175B Derivation of Equation for Coefficient of Correlation 195B-1 Average Values of Temperatures and Gas Concentrations in Ducts,and the Need for Flow Weighting 195viiC Air Heater Performance Model Based on Known Set of Conditions 198C-1 Description 198C-2 Inputs .

45、198C-3 Correction Curves for Off-Design X-Ratio and Flue Gas Mass FlowRate . 199D Leak-Checking Sampling Systems 205E Electronic Oxygen Analyzers . 206E-1 Electrochemical 206E-1.1 Sample Condition 206E-1.2 Calibration 206E-1.3 External Factors Affecting Operation and Accuracy . 206E-1.4 Typical Syst

46、ematic Uncertainty Values 207E-2 Electronic Paramagnetic . 207E-2.1 Sample Condition 207E-2.2 Calibration 208E-2.3 External Factors Affecting Operation and Accuracy . 208E-2.4 Instrument Systematic Uncertainty Values 208E-3 Electronic Zirconia 208E-3.1 Sample and Reference Gas Condition . 209E-3.2 C

47、alibration 209E-3.3 External Factors Affecting Operation and Accuracy . 209E-3.4 Instrument Systematic Uncertainty Values 210E-4 Electronic Analyzer Calibration, Instrument Systematic Uncertainty,and Raw Data Adjustment . 210E-4.1 Frequency . 210E-4.2 Calibration Gases 210E-4.3 Calibration Gas Conce

48、ntrations . 210E-4.4 Calculation Methodology . 211F Chemical (Orsat) Flue Gas Analysis . 212F-1 Introduction . 212F-2 Sample Condition 212F-2.1 Flow/Quantity . 212F-2.2 Moisture . 212F-2.3 Cleanliness 212F-2.4 Temperature . 212F-2.5 Pressure . 212F-3 Orsat Preparation 212F-4 Sampling Procedure 212F-

49、5 Precautions 213F-6 Further Considerations . 213F-7 Systematic Uncertainty . 213G Information to Be Provided in an RFP . 217H Information to Be Provided as Part of the Contract 228J Routine Testing and Performance Monitoring 229J-1 Routine Testing 229J-1.1 Reasons for Conducting Routine Air Heater Performance Tests 229J-1.2 Scope 229J-1.3 Frequency of Runs . 230J-1.4 Unit Conditions 230J-1.5 Approximate Equations for Percent Leakage 230J-1.6 Other Simplifications for Routine Testing . 232J-2 Performance Monitoring . 232J-2.1