API PUBL 4711-2001 Methods for Determining Inputs to Environmental Petroleum Hydrocarbon Mobility and Recovery Models《确定投入环保石油烃的流动性和复原模型方法》.pdf
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1、 Methods for Determining Inputs to Environmental Petroleum Hydrocarbon Mobility and Recovery ModelsRegulatory and Scientific AffairsAPI PUBLICATION NUMBER 4711JULY 2001Methods for Determining Inputs to Environmental Petroleum Hydrocarbon Mobility and Recovery ModelsRegulatory and Scientific Affairs
2、DepartmentAPI PUBLICATION NUMBER 4711JULY 2001PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY:Tom Sale, Ph.D.Research ScientistDepartment of Chemical and Bioresource EngineeringColorado State UniversityFOREWORDAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, l
3、ocal, state and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warnand properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health andsafety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obliga
4、tions under local, state, or federallaws.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by impli-cation or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or productcovered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publicat
5、ion be construed asinsuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without prior written permissio
6、n from the publisher. Contact the Publisher,API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2001 American Petroleum InstituteTable of Contents1.0 INTRODUCTION . 52.0 NOMENCLATURE AND PARAMETERS OF INTEREST. 63.0 FLUID PROPERTIES. 133.1 Sample Collection 133.2 Density (
7、or ) 133.3 Viscosity (om ) 153.4 Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension (aos ,ows , and aws ) 154.0 POROUS MEDIA PROPERTIES LABORATORY-SCALE. 174.1 Sample Collection 174.2 Core Preservation (Field) 194.3 Core Screening and Preparation (Laboratory) . 204.4 Porosity (f ) 214.5 Permeability ( k ) 214.
8、6 Capillary Pressure vs. Saturation (cP vs.S ) . 234.7 Relative Permeability vs. Saturation (rk vs. S ) 244.8 Water and Product Saturation ( Swvs. So). 264.9 Determination of Brooks-Corey Model Parameters (l , dP , and wrS ) . 284.10 Determination of van Genuchten Parameters (rwS ,M, and a ). 295.0
9、POROUS MEDIA PROPERTIES FIELD-SCALE. 315.1 Baildown Tests. 315.2 Production Tests 32Theim Solution . 32Decline Curve Analysis 346.0 REPORTING 367.0 REFERENCES . 37APPENDIX A SHORT ABSTRACTS OF RELEVANT ASTM METHODS . 40APPENDIX B DERIVATION OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING RELATIVE PERMEABILITY, AVERAGECON
10、DUCTIVITY TO OIL, AND TRANSMISSIVITY TO OIL FROM PRODUCTION DATA. 61APPENDIX C DERIVATION OF DECLINE CURVE METHOD. 64List of FiguresFIGURE 1 GENERAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL . 7FIGURE 2 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IN AIR, PRODUCT, AND AQUEOUS PHASES (AFTER FARR ET AL. 1990) . 8FIGURE 3 CAPILLARY PRESSURE - SATURAT
11、ION RELATIONSHIP FOR TWO-FLUID SYSTEM IN POROUS MEDIA. 92FIGURE 4 TYPICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELATIVE PERMEABILITY AND FLUID SATURATIONFOR A TWO PHASE SYSTEM UNDER DRAINAGE. 10FIGURE 5 CAPILLARY RISE AS FUNCTION OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY (AFTER MCWHORTER, 1996) 19FIGURE 6 GRAPHIC FORMAT FOR ANALYS
12、IS OF BROOKS-COREY PARAMETERS USING EFFECTIVESATURATION VERSUS CAPILLARY HEAD DATA (DATA FROM BROOKS AND COREY 1964,FINE SAND). 28FIGURE 7 GRAPHIC FORMAT FOR ANALYSIS OF BROOKS-COREY PARAMETERS USING RELATIVEPERMEABILITY SATURATION VERSUS CAPILLARY HEAD DATA (DATA FROM BROOKS ANDCOREY 1964, FINE SAN
13、D) 29FIGURE 8 GRAPHIC FORMAT OF ANALYSIS FOR VAN GENUCHTEN PARAMETERS USING LOG CAPILLARYPRESSURE VS. SATURATION DATA (DATA FROM BROOKS AND COREY 1964, FINE SAND). 30FIGURE 9 DUAL PHASE RECOVERY WELL PRODUCTION DATA . 33FIGURE 10 TRANSMISSIVITY TO PRODUCTS AS A FUNCTION OF TIME DEVELOPED USING WELLP
14、RODUCTION DATA FROM FIGURE 9 AND EQUATION (18) 34FIGURE 11 GRAPHICAL FORMAT FOR DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS. 35List of TablesTABLE 1 PRODUCT DENSITY METHODS (or ) . 14TABLE 2 VISCOSITY METHODS (om ) 15TABLE 3 SURFACE TENSION AND INTERFACIAL TENSION METHODS (aos AND ows ) 16TABLE 4 POROSITY METHODS (f). 2
15、1TABLE 5 PERMEABILITY METHODS ( k ) 22TABLE 6 METHODS FOR CAPILLARY PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF SATURATION (cP VS. S ) 23TABLE 7 METHODS FOR RELATIVE PERMEABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF SATURATION (rkVS. S ) 25TABLE 8 WATER AND PRODUCT SATURATION METHODS (wS AND oS ) . 27TABLE 9 BAILDOWN TEST METHODS FOR ES
16、TIMATION OF PRODUCT TRANSMISSIVITY (FIELD-SCALE oT ) . 323AcknowledgmentsAPI STAFF CONTACTHarley Hopkins, Regulatory and Scientific Affairs DepartmentMEMBERS OF THE SOIL AND GROUNDWATER TECHNICAL TASK FORCEMEMBERS OF THE GW-90 PROJECT TEAM:Ravi Kolhatkar (Project Team Leader), BP AmocoGeorge DeVaull
17、, Equilon Enterprises LLCTom Henson, ExxonMobil CorporationJim Higinbotham, ExxonMobil CorporationDan Irvin, ConocoVic Kremesec, BP AmocoMark Lyverse, ChevronAPI acknowledges the following individuals for their contributions to this manual:G. D. Beckett, Aqui-Ver, Inc.Randall Charbeneau, University
18、of Texas at AustinArt Corey, Professor Emeritus, Colorado State UniversityLarry Kunkel, PTS Laboratories, Inc.David McWhorter, Professor Emeritus, Colorado State UniversityGary Moore, ERMMalcolm Pitts, Surtek, Inc.451.0 IntroductionThis manual describes methods used to obtain input parameters for mo
19、dels that evaluate themobility and potential recovery of petroleum liquids in unconsolidated granular porous media.These models are valuable tools for improving system design because, unfortunately, thepresence of petroleum liquids in a well is not itself a reliable indicator of the feasibility of f
20、ree-product recovery or the need to continue recovery operations.The feasibility and appropriate endpoint for free-product recovery can be addressed byevaluating the mobility of product in the sediment in which it is encountered. If the mobility ofproduct is high, there is a potential for future adv
21、erse product migration. In addition, it is likelythat properly designed recovery systems can effectively deplete a significant fraction of themobile product. Conversely, if the mobility of the product is low, the risk associated with futuremigration is low, and efforts to deplete mobile product will
22、 be ineffective.The intent of this document is to provide a reference for parties needing methods fordetermining inputs to product mobility, and volume models. The need for such data (inparticular at large sites such as refineries) has increased dramatically in recent years. In largepart this has be
23、en driven by broader use of multiphase flow models (e.g., Parker et al., 1994)and spreadsheet tools for analysis of product mobility (e.g., Charbeneau et al., 1999).Secondarily, it is recognized that for small sites the resources needed to conduct site specificmobility investigations may not be avai
24、lable. As such, it would be useful to generate a database of study results (obtained using consistent methods) that can be used at these sites.Standardization of methods is the ideal; unfortunately, it may not be possible in all cases. Anumber of factors frustrate rigid standardization. First, signi
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