BS ISO 8178-11-2006 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from engin.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 8178-11:2006 Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 11: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from engines used in nonroad mobile machinery under transient test conditionsICS 13.040.50; 27.020 BS ISO 8178-11:200

2、6 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 April 2006 BSI 2006 ISBN 0 580 48199 9 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 8178-11:2006 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in it

3、s preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee MCE/14, RIC engines, to Subcommittee MCE/14/-/3, Emissions, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement

4、 international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to

5、 include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any

6、enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to vii, a blank

7、 page, pages 1 to 71 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Reference number ISO 8178-11:2006(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8178-11 First edition 2006-04-01 Reciproca

8、ting internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 11: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from engines used in nonroad mobile machinery under transient test conditions Moteurs alternatifs combustion interne Mesurage des missions de gaz dchappement Parti

9、e 11: Mesurage au banc dessai des missions de gaz et de particules des gaz dchappement de moteurs dengins mobiles non routiers en rgime transitoire BS ISO 8178-11:2006ii iii Contents Page Foreword vi Introduction vii 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Symbols and abb

10、reviated terms . 4 4.1 General symbols. 4 4.2 Symbols and abbreviations for the fuel composition. 6 4.3 Symbols and abbreviations for the chemical components 7 4.4 Abbreviations 7 5 Test conditions . 8 5.1 Engine test conditions . 8 5.1.1 Test condition parameter. 8 5.1.2 Test validity . 8 5.2 Engin

11、es with charge air cooling 8 5.3 Power . 8 5.4 Engine air intake system 9 5.5 Engine exhaust system 9 5.6 Cooling system . 9 5.7 Lubricating oil . 9 5.8 Test fuel . 9 6 Test cycle. 10 6.1 General. 10 6.2 General test sequence 10 6.3 Engine mapping procedure . 11 6.3.1 General. 11 6.3.2 Determination

12、 of the mapping speed range 11 6.3.3 Engine mapping curve . 12 6.3.4 Mapping curve generation . 12 6.3.5 Alternative mapping . 12 6.3.6 Replicate tests. 12 6.4 Generation of the reference test cycle . 13 6.4.1 Reference speed . 13 6.4.2 Denormalization of engine speed . 13 6.4.3 Denormalization of e

13、ngine torque. 13 6.4.4 Example of denormalization procedure . 13 6.5 Dynamometer 14 6.5.1 General. 14 6.5.2 Eddy-current dynamometer. 14 6.6 Verification of the test run . 14 6.6.1 Data shift 14 6.6.2 Calculation of the cycle work 14 6.6.3 Validation statistics of the test cycle 15 7 Emissions test

14、run 16 7.1 General. 16 7.2 Preparation of the sampling filters . 16 7.3 Installation of the measuring equipment .16 7.4 Starting and preconditioning the dilution system and the engine 16 BS ISO 8178-11:2006iv 7.5 Starting the particulate sampling system. 16 7.6 Adjustment of the dilution system 17 7

15、.7 Checking the analysers 17 7.8 Engine starting procedure . 17 7.9 Cycle run 17 7.9.1 Test sequence . 17 7.9.2 Analyser response 17 7.9.3 Particulate sampling . 18 7.9.4 Engine stalling. 18 7.9.5 Operations after test . 18 8 Principles of emissions measurement .18 8.1 General . 18 8.2 Equivalence .

16、 19 8.3 Accuracy 19 9 Determination of gaseous components in the raw exhaust gas and of the particulates with a partial flow dilution system. 20 9.1 General . 20 9.2 Determination of exhaust gas mass flow . 21 9.2.1 General . 21 9.2.2 Response time. 21 9.2.3 Direct measurement method 21 9.2.4 Air an

17、d fuel measurement method 21 9.2.5 Tracer measurement method. 21 9.2.6 Air flow and air to fuel ratio measurement method. 22 9.3 Determination of the gaseous components . 23 9.3.1 General . 23 9.3.2 Sampling for gaseous emissions 23 9.3.3 Data evaluation 23 9.3.4 Calculation of mass emission 24 9.3.

18、5 Dry/wet correction. 26 9.3.6 NO xcorrection for humidity and temperature . 27 9.3.7 Calculation of the specific emissions. 28 9.4 Particulate determination. 28 9.4.1 General . 28 9.4.2 Particulate sampling . 28 9.4.3 System response time 28 9.4.4 Data evaluation 29 9.4.5 Calculation of mass emissi

19、on 29 9.4.6 Particulate correction factor for humidity 30 9.4.7 Calculation of the specific emissions. 31 10 Determination of gaseous and particulate components with a full flow dilution system . 31 10.1 General . 31 10.2 Determination of the diluted exhaust gas flow 32 10.2.1 General . 32 10.2.2 PD

20、P-CVS system. 32 10.2.3 CFV-CVS system . 32 10.2.4 SSV-CVS system . 33 10.3 Determination of the gaseous components . 34 10.3.1 General . 34 10.3.2 Sampling for gaseous emissions 34 10.3.3 Data evaluation 34 10.3.4 Calculation of mass emission 34 10.3.5 Dry/wet correction. 37 10.3.6 NO xcorrection f

21、or humidity and temperature . 38 10.3.7 Calculation of the specific emissions. 38 10.4 Particulate determination. 38 10.4.1 General . 38 10.4.2 Particulate sampling . 39 BS ISO 8178-11:2006 v 10.4.3 Calculation of mass emission . 39 10.4.4 Particulate correction factor for humidity 40 10.4.5 Calcula

22、tion of the specific emissions. 40 11 Measurement equipment for the gaseous components. 40 11.1 General analyser specifications 40 11.1.1 General. 40 11.1.2 Accuracy 40 11.1.3 Precision 41 11.1.4 Noise 41 11.1.5 Zero drift 41 11.1.6 Span drift . 41 11.1.7 Rise time 41 11.1.8 Gas drying . 41 11.2 Ana

23、lysers. 41 11.2.1 General. 41 11.2.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) analysis . 41 11.2.3 Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) analysis 41 11.2.4 Hydrocarbon (HC) analysis 42 11.2.5 Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) analysis 42 11.2.6 Oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) analysis 42 11.2.7 Formaldehyde (HCHO) analysis 42 11.2.8 Methanol

24、 (CH 3 OH) analysis . 42 11.2.9 Air to fuel measurement. 43 11.3 Calibration . 43 11.3.1 General. 43 11.3.2 Response time check of the analytical system . 43 11.3.3 Verification of the calibration curve 44 11.3.4 Calibration of tracer gas analyser for exhaust flow measurement . 44 11.3.5 Calibration

25、 intervals . 44 11.4 Analytical system 44 12 Measurement equipment for particulates 44 12.1 General specifications 44 12.1.1 General. 44 12.1.2 Particulate sampling filters 45 12.1.3 Weighing chamber and analytical balance specifications . 45 12.1.4 Specifications for flow measurement. 46 12.1.5 Add

26、itional specifications . 47 12.2 Dilution and sampling system. 47 12.3 Calibration . 47 12.3.1 General. 47 12.3.2 Flow measurement . 47 12.3.3 Determination of the transformation time (partial flow dilution system only) . 48 12.3.4 Calibration of the CVS system (full flow dilution system only) . 49

27、12.3.5 Calibration intervals . 49 Annex A (normative) NRTC engine dynamometer schedule. 50 Annex B (normative) Determination of system equivalence . 61 Annex C (normative) Determination of system sampling error. 63 Annex D (normative) Carbon flow check. 65 Annex E (informative) Example of calculatio

28、n procedure (raw/partial flow) 67 Annex F (informative) Ramped modal cycle (RMC) 70 Annex G (normative) Statistical equations 71 BS ISO 8178-11:2006vi Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The wor

29、k of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governme

30、ntal, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The m

31、ain task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. A

32、ttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 8178-11 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 70, Internal combustion engines, Subcommittee S

33、C 8, Exhaust gas emission measurement. ISO 8178 consists of the following parts, under the general title Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust gas emission measurement: Part 1: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions Part 2: Measurement of gaseous and particulat

34、e exhaust emissions at site Part 3: Definitions and methods of measurement of exhaust gas smoke under steady-state conditions Part 4: Test cycles for different engine applications Part 5: Test fuels Part 6: Report of measuring results and tests Part 7: Engine family determination Part 8: Engine grou

35、p determination Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions Part 10: Test cycles and test procedures for field measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression igniti

36、on engines operating under transient conditions Part 11: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from engines used in nonroad mobile machinery under transient test conditions BS ISO 8178-11:2006 vii Introduction Todays measurement systems depend on the type of test cycle, s

37、teady state or transient, and the type of pollutant to be measured. On a steady state cycle, the mass of gaseous emissions can be calculated either from the concentration in the raw exhaust gas and the exhaust flow of the engine, which can easily be determined, or from the concentration in the dilut

38、ed exhaust gas and the CVS (Constant Volume Sampling) flow of a full flow dilution system. Both equivalent systems are described in ISO 8178-1. For PM, full flow dilution or partial flow dilution systems, in which only a portion of the exhaust gas is diluted, can be used. On a transient cycle as cov

39、ered by this International Standard, real-time exhaust flow determination is more difficult. Therefore, the CVS principle has been used for many years due to the fact that exhaust mass flow measurement is not required with this system. The total exhaust gas is diluted, the total flow as the sum of d

40、ilution air and exhaust gas flow is kept virtually constant and the emissions (gaseous and PM) are measured in the diluted exhaust gas. The space and cost requirements of such a system are considerably higher than for the partial flow dilution systems used on steady state cycles. On the other hand,

41、raw exhaust measurement and partial flow systems can only be applied to transients if sophisticated control systems and calculation algorithms are used. For most nonroad applications and heavy-duty engines, the CVS system is large and costly. Therefore, ISO 16183 has been developed by ISO/TC 22/SC 5

42、, which defines raw gaseous emissions measurement and partial flow dilution for heavy-duty engines under transient test conditions. Since many nonroad engines are similar to heavy-duty engines in engine size, displacement and power, it is believed that the contents of ISO 16183 can also be applied t

43、o nonroad engines. For the purpose of this International Standard, both full flow dilution and partial flow dilution/raw exhaust methods are considered equivalent and are therefore covered herein. BS ISO 8178-11:2006blank 1 Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part

44、11: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from engines used in nonroad mobile machinery under transient test conditions 1 Scope This part of ISO 8178 specifies the measurement and evaluation methods for gaseous and particulate exhaust emission from reciprocating internal

45、combustion (RIC) engines under transient conditions on a test bed, necessary for determining one value for each exhaust gas pollutant. The specific transient test cycle covered by this part of ISO 8178 is applicable to compression-ignition engines for mobile use with a power output between 37 kW and

46、 560 kW, excluding engines for motor vehicles primarily designed for road use. This part of ISO 8178 may be applied to engines used in off-road vehicles and diesel powered off-road industrial equipment as described in 8.3.1.3 of ISO 8178-4. This includes e.g. engines for construction equipment inclu

47、ding wheel loaders, bulldozers, crawler tractors, crawler loaders, truck-type loaders, off-highway trucks, hydraulic excavators, agricultural equipment, self propelled agricultural vehicles (including tractors), forestry equipment, fork lift trucks, road maintenance equipment and mobile cranes. Many

48、 of the procedures described below are detailed accounts of laboratory methods, since determining an emissions value requires performing a complex set of individual measurements, rather than obtaining a single measured value. Thus, the results obtained depend as much on the process of performing the

49、 measurements as they depend on the engine and test method. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 8178-1, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 1: Test-bed measurement