科技论文写作.ppt
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1、科技論文寫作,Research in Technology,技職教育研究所 主講人莊貴枝中華民國九十五年十二月三十日,科技(Technology) 研究(Research) 寫作(Writing),Whats Technology ?,Manufacturing,Communication,Construction,Transportation,?,Bio-Tech,Power & Energy,Whats Research?,Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitati
2、ve Research by John W. Cresswell (2002),Manufacturing,Communication,Construction,Transportation,Discussion ?,Bio-Tech,Power & Energy,一、Discussion is:,Why is research important? What are problems worth researching? What is educational research? What steps are required for research? What ethical issue
3、s should we consider when conducting research? What special skills do you have that will help you become an excellent researcher?,二、Research is:,Empirical: derived from sense experience. We can experience it within our mortal existence Systematic in process. Use the scientific method to ensure syste
4、matic process Valid: Truthful Reliable: Can be repeated,二、 8-Characteristics of Research :,Asks an important question The study is goal directed-there is a clear purpose for the activity There is a research design-plan of action There are operational questions It is guided by a problem statement and
5、 research questions It accepts critical assumptions Data is collected and interpreted The study can be replicated to verify findings,三、 Quantitative and Qualitative,Quantitative = counting, numbers Qualitative = watching, listening, understanding, words One study can collect both types of data, call
6、ed mixed-methods design. Typically, the researcher will choose one paradigm and become a master of that method.,Two Paradigms, Two Worldviews,(1). Important People in Quantitative Research,Thorndike (1900) Campbell and Stanley (1963) Kerlinger (1964) Cook and Campbell (1979) Lipsey (1990),(2). Vocab
7、ulary for Quantitative Paradigm,Experiment Quasi-experiment Correlation Descriptive Survey Control Treatment Subject,Statistics Empirical,(3). Important People in Qualitative Research,Guba and Lincoln (1988) Strauss & Corbin (1990) Patton (1990) Cresswell (1994) Stake (1995) Weitzman & Miles (1995)
8、Miles & Huberman (1994) Denzin & Lincoln (2002),(4). Vocabulary for the Qualitative Paradigm,Naturalistic inquiry Constructivism Looking for meaning of event that people hold Within context Holistic,(5). What Paradigm Do I Choose?,Your research question drives your method Choose the best method for
9、answering your research question Choose the methods that best suits your values and skills,(6-1). Choosing the best paradigm for your study,Does your problem require description or exploration? Is there a lot already known about your problem or is this a new frontier? Do you want to get a specific a
10、nd narrow view of your problem or a broad perspective?,(6-2). Choosing the best paradigm for your study,Do you have predetermined instruments or will your protocol emerge as you progress through the study? Will you use statistical analysis or text analysis? Will you report your results using a stand
11、ard protocol or will you write in the first person using emerging themes and narrative style?,(7). Quantitative Data Collection,Quantitative research requires a specific protocol for collecting data. Protocol is specified in advance of any data collection and does not change once the study has begun
12、. Population and sample should be large, more than 30. The larger the better.,(8). Qualitative Data Collection,Data collection protocols are determined before the study, but open to change as needed. Emergent design. Data is words, actions, texts, documents, conversations, media, photographs. Number
13、 of sample is small but meaningful. Purposive sampling. Each person is chosen specifically because s/he can bring a unique perspective to the study.,(9). Instruments,Quantitative Paper and pencil Standardized tests Surveys,Qualitative You are the instrument Eyes Ears Hands,(10). Data Analysis,Quanti
14、tative Statistical analysis Describe trends, compare groups, relate variables Compare your results with past research,Qualitative Text analysis Describe themes and patterns Determine meaning for the group,(11). Reporting Research,Quantitative Introduction Review of literature Methods Findings Summar
15、y, conclusions, recommendations, implications References,Qualitative Story telling narrative Descriptive and thematic development Reflexivity, researchers voice enters the story Written to give reader a thick, rich description of the case so that s/he feels immersed in the context of the study Varia
16、ble format, no strict rules for presentation of research, creativity is encouraged,8 Research Designs: A Short Introduction,The protocol for conducting your study,(1-1). Experimental Designs,Two randomly selected groups that are similar Controlled setting One group is manipulated (given a treatment)
17、 The other is not given anything (control) Two groups are compared for differences in outcomesR O X OR O - O,(1-2). Quasi-Experimental Designs,Two non-randomly selected groups that are similar Controlled setting One group is manipulated (given a treatment) The other is not given anything (control) T
18、wo groups are compared for differences in outcomesG O X OG O - O,(2). Correlational Design,What is the relationship between two variables within one group? Use correlational statistic to calculate relationship. R = a number between zero and 1. (0 1) R value would be stated as a percent. (%) If the r
19、 = 1.0 there is a 100% relationship between A and B. (A/B= 100%),(3). Survey Design,Describe trends in large populations Describe attitudes, behaviors, opinions, or characteristics of the population Make claims about trends in the population Typically in pencil and paper survey Can be telephone surv
20、ey or face-to-face oral survey * A telephone or oral survey is not an interview.,(4). Grounded Theory Design,Original observation In-depth study of an event to form an understanding (theory) of the causal elements (why it happened) Cause and effect logic Data rich Descriptive Thematic (主題論文),(5). Et
21、hnographic Design (民族史誌學),“Describing, analyzing, and interpreting a cultural groups shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language that develop over time” Detailed picture of group Studies group within context Explores themes that emerge over time,(6). Narrative (故事敘述) Research Design,Describe
22、lives of individuals Storytelling about peoples experiences Biography style of research,(7). Mixed Method Design,Using both Quantitative and Qualitative to answer the research question For example, mail a survey to 200 people, then select 10 to be interviewed.,(8). Action Research Design,Uses both Q
23、uantitative and Qualitative methods to answer research question Applied research, specific only to the sample under consideration Used to improve practice at the local level Not generalizable to anyone beyond those who participated in the study,科技論文(Technology paper),從事科技工作者 對其創造性之研究成果,進行理論分析與科學的驗證結
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