大学六级-398及答案解析.doc

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1、大学六级-398 及答案解析(总分：693.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.许多大学生缺乏明确的职业规划 2职业规划的重要性 3我的看法 B Do College Students Need Career Orientation?/B（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)B Earth Will Survive Global Warming, But Will We?/BThe notion that human activity, or the activity of any o

2、rganism, can affect Earth on a planetary scale is still a hard one for many people to swallow. And it is this kind of disbelief that fuels much of the public skepticism surrounding global warming.A poll conducted last summer by the Pew Research Center found that only 41 percent of Americans believe

3、the burning of fossil fuels causes global warming. But in a meeting this week in Paris, officials from 113 nations have agreed that a highly anticipated international report will state that global warming was “very likely“ caused by human activity. The idea that biology can alter the planet in broad

4、 and dramatic ways is widely accepted among scientists, and they point to several precedents throughout the history of life.BThe mighty microbes/BHuman-caused global warming-also called “anthropogenic“ global warming-is the latest example of life altering Earth, but it is not the most dramatic.That

5、title probably goes to the oxygenation of Earths early atmosphere by ancient microbes as they began to harness the power of sunlight through photosynthesis(光合作用).Humans “are having a strong effect on global geochemical cycles, but it does not compare at all to the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis,“

6、 said Katrina Edwards, a geo-microbiologist at the University of Southern California (USC). “That was a catastrophic environmental change that occurred before 2.2 billion years ago which wreaked its full wrath on the Earth system.“Edwards studies another way life impacts the planet in largely unseen

7、 ways. She focuses on how microbes living on the dark ocean floor transform minerals through a kind of underwater power.“These microbes are completely off radar in terms of global biogeochemical cycles,“ Edwards told Live-Science.“ We dont consider them as part of the Earth system right now in our c

8、alculation about whats going on, and we dont consider them in terms of how the Earth system will move forward into the future.“These reactions are strongly influenced by life and have been occurring for billions of years, for as long as the oceans have been oxygenated and there have been microbes in

9、habiting the seafloor, Edwards said.BCreating Earth/BOn land, microbes, and in particular a form of bacteria called cyanobacteria (固氮蓝藻), help keep soil in place and suppress dust.“Wed certainly have more dust storms and it would not be anywhere as nice on Earth if they werent around,“ said Jayne Be

10、lnap, a researcher with the United States Geological Survey.Scientists believe the tiny life-forms performed the same roles on early Earth. “One of the big problems for geologists is that, OK, you have this big ball of rock, the soil is weathering out and you have these ferocious winds. What in the

11、world is holding the soil in place as it weathers out of the rocks?“ Belnap said in a telephone interview. “Cyanobacteria are also credited with that function.“The microbes anchored soil to the ground; this created habitats for land plants to evolve and eventually for us to evolve. “They literally c

12、reated Earth in a sense,“ Belnap said.“Cyanobacteria are just like it,“ she continued. “Ive been telling everybody to make a small altar and offer sacrifices every night. We owe them everything.“BA snowball planet/BThe mighty microbes also triggered sudden climatic shifts similar to what humans are

13、doing now. Recent studies suggest that the proliferation of cyanobacteria 2.3 billion years ago led to a sudden ice age and the creation of a “Snowball Earth.“As they carry out photosynthesis, cyanobacteria break apart water and release oxygen as a waste product. Oxygen is one of the most reactive e

14、lements around, and its release into the atmosphere in large amounts destroyed methane (沼气),a greenhouse gas that absorbed the suns energy and helped keep our planet warm.Some scientists think the disappearance of this methane blanket plunged the planet into a cold spell so severe that Earths equato

15、r was covered by a mile-thick layer of ice.Earth might still be frozen today if not for the appearance of new life forms. As organisms evolved, many developed the ability to breathe oxygen. In the process, they exhaled another greenhouse gas, Carbon dioxide, which eventually ice-out the world. That

16、was the first biologically triggered ice age, but others followed, said Richard Kopp, a Caltech researcher who helped piece together the Snowball Earth scenario.BA new leaf/BWhen trees first appeared about 380 million years ago, they also disturbed Earths atmospheric balance.Unlike animals, plants b

17、reathe in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. Trees transform some of that atmospheric carbon into lignin (木质素)-the major constituent of wood and one of the most abundant proteins on the planet. Lignin is resistant to decay, so when a tree dies, much of its carbon becomes buried instead of released bac

18、k into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere thins the blanket of gases that keeps Earth warm, and that cooling effect can trigger global cooling, possibly even an ice age.“There was some glaciation that started around that period that was driven at least in part by

19、 the evolution of land plants,“ Kopp said in a telephone interview.Trees also affected the global carbon cycle in another indirect way. As they tunnel through the ground, tree roots break down silicate rocks into sediment and soil. Silicate rock contains large amounts of calcium and magnesium (镁). W

20、hen these elements are exposed to air, they react with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate (碳酸盐) and magnesium carbonate, compounds that are widespread on Earth.BThe human difference/BThough it might seem as if humans are mere fleas along for a ride on the back of an immense animal

21、called Earth, our intelligence, technology and sheer numbers mean our species packs a punch that can shake the world in wild ways.While we are not the first species to drastically alter our planet, our influence is unique in a number of ways, scientists say.For one thing, humans have developed large

22、-scale industry, said Spencer Weart, a science historian at the American Institute of Physics. “We are capable of mobilizing things beyond our own biology,“ Weart said. “I emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide, but my automobile emits far more.“Another is the rate at which humans are warming Earth

23、.“Humans are the most common large animal to ever walk the planet,“ said Kirk Johnson, a chief curator at the Denver Museum of Nature the next billion should take seven years,“ says Bill Amelio, Lenovos chief executive.（分数：40.00）(1).Globalization is conventionally considered by the public as _.（分数：8

24、.00）A.a two-direction flowing between developed and developing countriesB.a one-direction flowing from developed world to the developing oneC.a multi-direction flowing among the world economiesD.all participants competing in the markets for what is wanted(2).How many emerging-market companies will o

25、ccur on the Fortune list within ten years?（分数：8.00）A.63.B.31.C.167.D.333.(3).Why does the author quote the example of Lenovo in the passage?（分数：8.00）A.It shows its great success in global business.B.It shows great confidence to buy the best-known companies.C.It is among the Fortune 500 rankings list

26、.D.It shows developing countries may overrun developed ones in global business.(4).The reason that Lenovo can buy IBM lies in _.（分数：8.00）A.the quality of its productsB.its leading position and Chinas constant growth ratesC.its confidence in domestic marketsD.Chinese peoples preference on IBM product

27、(5).What is the main point of the passage?（分数：8.00）A.More companies from emerging markets come on the Fortune 500 list.B.Lenovo bought the right of using IBM brand for five years.C.Companies from emerging markets began to take position in global market.D.The traditional one-direction globalization h

28、as been shifting into multi-direction one.BPassage Two/BAntiseptics(杀菌剂) have saved countless lives, but they are most effective when the bacteria they are attacking are individual cells in suspension. Once bacteria have attached themselves to solid surfaces and formed films, they are far harder to

29、eradicate with standard disinfectants. Bacterial pollution of medical devices is a particular problem, as those devices are then used on people whose immune systems may be in less than best condition. Surgical instruments may be treated with ultraviolet light, but that is not appropriate for everyth

30、ing. The result is that infections arising from bacteria attached to surfaces in clinics and hospitals are reckoned to cause up to 1.4m deaths per year.In order to develop a better method of disinfection, a team led by David Whitten of the University of New Mexico and Kirk Schanze of the University

31、of Florida set out to design the equivalent of a mousetrap for bacteria. The device they came up with is an empty capsule five microns across. It is made of alternating layers of two polymers(聚合体) ,one of which is positively charged, and the other negatively so. These opposite charges serve to hold

32、the capsule together.The polymers in question also absorb light in a way that is likely to transfer the absorbed energy to nearby oxygen molecules (氧分子) to create what is known as singlet oxygen, a particularly reactive form of the element that would kill any bacteria inside the capsule.To test this

33、 idea, the two researchers ran a series of experiments in which they exposed their newly built microcapsules to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a fatal bacterium commonly, found in hospitals, and also to Cobetia marina, a bacterium that frequently adheres to ships and marine equipment, causing dirt. They fo

34、und that in both cases the microcapsules attracted and captured bacteria that were nearby. After one hour of exposure to light, they report in a forthcoming issue of Applied Materials this created habitats for land plants to evolve and eventually for us to evolve. “They literally created Earth in a

35、sense,“ Belnap said.“Cyanobacteria are just like it,“ she continued. “Ive been telling everybody to make a small altar and offer sacrifices every night. We owe them everything.“BA snowball planet/BThe mighty microbes also triggered sudden climatic shifts similar to what humans are doing now. Recent

36、studies suggest that the proliferation of cyanobacteria 2.3 billion years ago led to a sudden ice age and the creation of a “Snowball Earth.“As they carry out photosynthesis, cyanobacteria break apart water and release oxygen as a waste product. Oxygen is one of the most reactive elements around, an

37、d its release into the atmosphere in large amounts destroyed methane (沼气),a greenhouse gas that absorbed the suns energy and helped keep our planet warm.Some scientists think the disappearance of this methane blanket plunged the planet into a cold spell so severe that Earths equator was covered by a

38、 mile-thick layer of ice.Earth might still be frozen today if not for the appearance of new life forms. As organisms evolved, many developed the ability to breathe oxygen. In the process, they exhaled another greenhouse gas, Carbon dioxide, which eventually ice-out the world. That was the first biol

39、ogically triggered ice age, but others followed, said Richard Kopp, a Caltech researcher who helped piece together the Snowball Earth scenario.BA new leaf/BWhen trees first appeared about 380 million years ago, they also disturbed Earths atmospheric balance.Unlike animals, plants breathe in carbon d

40、ioxide and expel oxygen. Trees transform some of that atmospheric carbon into lignin (木质素)-the major constituent of wood and one of the most abundant proteins on the planet. Lignin is resistant to decay, so when a tree dies, much of its carbon becomes buried instead of released back into the atmosph

41、ere as carbon dioxide. Less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere thins the blanket of gases that keeps Earth warm, and that cooling effect can trigger global cooling, possibly even an ice age.“There was some glaciation that started around that period that was driven at least in part by the evolution of

42、land plants,“ Kopp said in a telephone interview.Trees also affected the global carbon cycle in another indirect way. As they tunnel through the ground, tree roots break down silicate rocks into sediment and soil. Silicate rock contains large amounts of calcium and magnesium (镁). When these elements

43、 are exposed to air, they react with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate (碳酸盐) and magnesium carbonate, compounds that are widespread on Earth.BThe human difference/BThough it might seem as if humans are mere fleas along for a ride on the back of an immense animal called Earth, our

44、intelligence, technology and sheer numbers mean our species packs a punch that can shake the world in wild ways.While we are not the first species to drastically alter our planet, our influence is unique in a number of ways, scientists say.For one thing, humans have developed large-scale industry, s

45、aid Spencer Weart, a science historian at the American Institute of Physics. “We are capable of mobilizing things beyond our own biology,“ Weart said. “I emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide, but my automobile emits far more.“Another is the rate at which humans are warming Earth.“Humans are the m

46、ost common large animal to ever walk the planet,“ said Kirk Johnson, a chief curator at the Denver Museum of Nature collecting the millions would be unlikely. Homeowners disagreed on what should be done. “I dont have a house anymore,“ said John Ritter. “It will take at least two years to build a new

47、 house, and my insurance is only going to pay about half the cost of the new house. Ordinarily, I would say that the boy and his parents ought to be put in jail for at least 10 years. But because their house didnt burn down, I think the law should just allow me to trade property with them. They can

48、have my burned-down house, and I can move into their house. Thats fair enough for me.“ “We all make mistakes, especially when were young,“ said Michael Richards, another homeowner whose house was burned down. (28)“I think the poor boy has learned a valuable lesson. People should forgive, rebuild, an

49、d get on with their lives.“ 26What can we infer from the passage about the big fire? 听前猜测 四个选项均为陈述句，分别涉及原因、地点、损失，由此推测是提问事故的细节。 精解 短文的第一句说一名十岁的男孩向其父母承认他玩火柴以致造成火灾，并提到火灾发生在十月份的一个刮风的日子，故 B)正确。A.The boy and his parents should be sent to jail.B.No criminal charges will be filed to the boy. C.The family should give out their house to the victims.D.The boy will be sue