【考研类试卷】遗传物质的分子基础、孟德尔式遗传分析(一)及答案解析.doc

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1、遗传物质的分子基础、孟德尔式遗传分析(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible (1) of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea (2) , or patent it.A (3) patent is the result of a bargain

2、(4) between an inventor and the state, hut the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period (5) .Only in the most exceptional circumstances (6) the lifespan of a patent (7) to alter this normal process of events.The longest ex

3、tension ever (8) was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuit was extended until 1971 because for most of the patents normal life there was no color TV to (9) and thus no hope for reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanently (10) after it has terminated, the

4、 shelves of the library attached to the (11) office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if (12) than half a century, sometimes even repatent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone (13) to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through (14) pat

5、ents that the one sure way of violation of any other inventors right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form (15) invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally (16) to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological a

6、dvance is (17) on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely (8) in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new“ ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is theft reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology

7、, (19) makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory for magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate (20) the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine ear was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at

8、the rear.（分数：10.00）(1).A. work B. possibility C. measures D. courses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. open B. covered C. secret D. improved（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. granted B. granting C. inventing D. invented（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. striking B. struck C. to be striking D. to strike（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. termin

9、ating B. continuing C. continues D. terminates（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. are B. to be C. be D. is（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. extending B. will extend C. extended D. to be extended（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. granted B. granting C. to grant D. being granted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. receiving B. sending C. receive

10、D. send（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. public B. secret C. close D. concealed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. customer B. commerce C. patent D. television（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. longer B. older C. weaker D. younger（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. wished B. refusing C. refused D. wishing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. live B. de

11、ad C. working D. recording（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. temporarily B. suddenly C. permanently D. sharply（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. dangerous B. undesirable C. safe D. terrible（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. constructed B. sent C. anticipated D. based（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. involving B. involved C. contained D.

12、containing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. which B. when C. that D. where（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. with B. off C. before D. from（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When Dr. John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of Califor

13、nia and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of “ecocide“ in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following. A large nuclear plant like that in Kalkar, the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion

14、 cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material in Western Europe, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the offi

15、cial maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties.In 1972 the .U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ruled that the asbestos level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air

16、, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers Unions report that the 2-fiber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at a British asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reex

17、amined by another physician, 40-70 percent had X-ray evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question, out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lung cancer. An average European or American worker comes into contact with six million

18、 fibers a day. “We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker,“ states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York.It is now also clear that vinyl chloride, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of

19、the blood-vessel cells of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the “Watergate cover- up. “ “There has been evidence of potentially serious disease among polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated

20、and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities,“ summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have been killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 years was not followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to conce

21、ntrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the “safe limit“ imposed by Dow Chemical Company.（分数：10.00）(1).By “ecocide“ the author most probably meansA waste utilization.B ecological balance.C radioactive reaction.D massive bio-destruction.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, the author mentions plu

22、tonium in paragraph 1 toA estimate the amount of nuclear material in Europe.B exemplify one of the possible causes of lung cancer.C highlight the measures needed to prevent lung cancer.D show the destructive properties of industrial waste materials.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The style of the second paragr

23、aph is mainlyA factual.B sarcastic.C emotional.D argumentative.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to paragraph 3, some workers have been killed by harmful pollutants in thatA production could not be halted.B they failed to take safety measures.C research was not pursued to a solution.D safety equipment

24、was not adequately provided.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the text that the author believes thatA nationwide application of anti-pollution devices can finally prevent cancer.B tough legislation is needed to set lower limits of worker exposure to harmful chemicals.C more research is re

25、quired into the causes of cancer before further progress can be made.D industrialization must be slowed down to prevent further spread of cancer-causing agents.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Scholars of human migration speak of two main factors that influence an individuals decision to mov

26、e from one place to another-push and pull factors. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as religious persecution, war, or severe famine Obviously, refugees who leave their homes

27、 with guns pointed at their heads or with hate-filled mobs at their heels are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice of destination).Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most of these are economic, such as better job opp

28、ortunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the nineteenth century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of or

29、igin.Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “ intervening obstacles “ . Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong, they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering t

30、he new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.The decision to move is also influenced by “ personal factors “ of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their liv

31、es, or just because of their varied abilities and personalities. The prospect of pulling up stakes and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to a young, footloose man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and young childre

32、n. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may intrigue one person and frighten another.Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes friction. The United States and other “ receiving countries “ (the term used for countries that welcome large numbers of

33、migrants) have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paying jobs and are resented by natives who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to gain acceptance in the ma

34、instream of society in the receiving country.（分数：10.00）(1).Refugees migrate out of their country probably because of_.A their countrys unstable situationB bad economic conditionsC guns pointing at themD their resentment towards government（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following migration is most

35、likely to be caused by pull factors?A Jews in 1942 migrated to America.B Refugees migrate to neighbor countriesC A Philippine woman migrates to Hong Kong for a better job.D A Japanese girl migrates to America to marry her American boyfriend.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, pull and push f

36、actors_.A decide personal factorsB are the only influence on migrantsC outweigh intervening obstacles on migrationD work with intervening obstacles on migration（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author implies that personal factors_.A attract people to moveB are obstacles to migrationC may affect migrationD m

37、ay confuse those potential migrants（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the author, the immigrants in America, _.A have friction with AmericansB are reluctant to blend in the mainstreamC often find it difficult to seek high-paying jobsD went to America in the 19th country for a better job（分数：2.00）A.B.C

38、.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)European farm ministers have ended three weeks of negotiations with a deal which they claim represents genuine reform of the common agricultural policy (CAP). Will it be enough to kick off the Doha world trade negotiations?On the face of it, the deal agreed in the early ho

39、urs of Thursday June 26th looks promising. Most subsidies linked to specific farm products are, at last, to be broken-the idea is to replace these with a direct payment to farmers, .unconnected to particular products. Support prices for several key products, including milk and butter, are to be cut-

40、that should mean European prices eventually falling towards the world market level. Cut-ting the link between subsidy and production was the main objective of proposals put forward by Mr. Fischler, which had formed the starting point for the negotiations.The CAP is hugely unpopular around the world.

41、 It subsidizes European farmers to such an extent that they can undercut farmers from poor countries, who also face trade barriers that largely exclude them from the potentially lucrative European market. Farm trade is also a key feature of the Doha round of trade talks, launched under the auspices

42、of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in November 2001. Developing countries have lined up alongside a number of industrial countries to demand an end to the massive subsidies Europe pays its farmers. Several Doha deadlines have already been missed because of the EUs intransigence, and the survival

43、of the talks will be at risk if no progress is made by September, when the worlds trade ministers meet in Cancun, Mexico.But now even the French seem to have gone along with the deal hammered out in Luxembourg. Up to a point, anyway. The package of measures gives the green light for the most eager r

44、eformers to move fast to implement the changes within their own countries. But there is an escape clause of sorts for the French and other reform-averse nations. They can delay implementation for up to two years. There is also a suggestion that the reforms might not apply where there is a chance tha

45、t they would lead to a reduction in land under cultivation.These 1et-outs are potentially damaging for Europes negotiators in the Doha round. They could significantly reduce the cost savings that the reforms might otherwise generate and, in turn, keep European expenditure on farm support unacceptabl

46、y high by world standards. Mote generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms by encouraging the suspicion that the new package will not deliver the changes that its supporters claim Close analysis of what is inevitably a very complicated package might confirm the sceptics fears.（分数：10.0

47、0）(1).The deal agreed on Thursday looks promising in thatA European farm ministers finally reached a consensus.B the link between farm products and subsidies is removed.C farmers would definitely accept the direct payment to them.D European farm products will reach a lower price level than the world

48、.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inferred from the third paragraph thatA farmers from poor countries were put at a disadvantage by CAP.B the deal will be a key subject of debate in Doha round of trade talks.C the deal was probably a result of pressure from other countries.D the worlds trade ministers

49、 will resist the new deal reached recently.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In what case might the escape clauses apply in reform-averse nations?A Farmers lose their interest in farming.B Reforms have to be delayed for up to two years.C Implementation of the measures goes too eagerly.D The measures damage the reformers confidence.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The new package of measures is inevitably a complicated one due toA Europes negotiators loss of confidence.B Eur