【考研类试卷】武汉大学真题2009年及答案解析.doc

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1、武汉大学真题 2009年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)“There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that,“ says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are l

2、iving with their parents. “There is a major shift in the middle class,“ declared sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a conditi

3、on that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from-home college education has become so e

4、xcessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “Its ridiculous for the kids

5、to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home.“ But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michel

6、le Del Turco, 24, has been home three times and left three times. “What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem,“ she explains. “He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends houses.“Just how long should adult children live with their p

7、arents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with “a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure.“ And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck

8、 with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the author, there was once a trend in the U.S_A. for young adults to leave their parents and live independentlyB. for middle class young adults to stay with their parentsC. for married youn

9、g adults to move back home after a lengthy absenceD. for young adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following does not account for young adults returning to the nest?A. Young adults find housing costs too high.B. Young adults are psychologica

10、lly and intellectually immature.C. Young adults seek parental comfort and moral support.D. Quite a number of young adults attend local schools.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).One of the disadvantages for young adults returning to stay with their parents is that _A. there will inevitably be inconveniences in ev

11、eryday lifeB. most parents find it difficult to keep a bigger family goingC. the young adults tend to be overprotected by their parentsD. public opinion is against young adults staying with their parents（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, what is the best for both parents and children?A.

12、They should adjust themselves to sharing the family expenses.B. Children should leave their parents when they are grown up.C. Adult children should visit their parents from time to time.D. Parents should support their adult children when they are in trouble.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.In a perfectly free and o

13、pen market economy, the type of employer-government or private- should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the s

14、ame. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women ar

15、e being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on womens earnings as compared with their earnings fiom private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of

16、government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women ma

17、y be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government

18、employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Browns research design was controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these

19、 factors as explanation of the studys results. Browns results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.One can infe

20、r from Browns results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.Browns results are clearly consistent with Fuchs

21、 argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better work for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against wo

22、men. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on womens earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.（分数：8.00）(1).The passage

23、mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter except_A. discrimination from consumers and suppliersB. discrimination from financial institutionsC. problems in obtaining good employeesD. problems in obtaining government assistance（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of th

24、e following conclusions would the author be most likely to agree with about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers?A. Both private employers and government employers discriminate with equal effects on womens earnings.B. Both private employers and government emp

25、loyers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on womens earnings.C. Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on womens earnings.D. Private employers discriminate: it is po

26、ssible that government employers discriminate.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict_A. some tentative results of Fuchs studyB. some explicit results of Browns studyC. a suggestion m

27、ade by the authorD. Fuchs hypothesis（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Browns study, womens earning categories occur in orders, from the highest earnings to the lowest earnings.A. government employment, self-employment, private employmentB. government employment, private employment, self-employmentC.

28、 private employment, self-employment, government employmentD. private employment, government employment, self-employment（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.In Americas fiercely adversarial legal system, a good lawyer is essential. Ask O.J. Simpson. In a landmark case 35 years ago, Gideon v. Wainwright, a unanimous Sup

29、reme Court ruled that indigent defendants must be provided with a lawyer at state expense because there could be no fair trial in a serious criminal case without one. “This seems to us to be an obvious truth,“ wrote Justice Hugo Black in his opinion. At the time, the decision was hailed as a triumph

30、 for justice, an example of Americas commitment to the ideal of equality before the law.This is the image most Americans still have of their criminal-justice system - the fairest in the world, in which any defendant, no matter how, gets a smart lawyer who, too often, manages to get the culprit off o

31、n a technicality. Nothing could be further from the truth. About 80% of people accused of a felony have to depend on a publicly-provided lawyer; but over the past two decades the eagerness of politicians to look harsh on crime, their reluctance to pay for public defenders, and a series of Supreme Co

32、urt judgments restricting the grounds for appeal have made a mockery of Gideon. Today many indigent defendants, including those facing long terms of imprisonment or even death, are treated to a “meetem and pleadem “ defense - a brief consultation in which a harried or incompetent lawyer encourages t

33、hem to plead guilty or, if that fails, struggle through a short trial in which the defense is massively outgunned by a more experienced, better-paid and better-prepared prosecutor.“We have a wealth-based system of justice,“ says Stephen Bright, the director of the Southern Center for Human Right. “F

34、or the wealthy, its gold-plated. For the average poor person, its like being herded to the slaughterhouse. In many places the adversarial system barely exists for the poor.“Many lawyers, of course, have made heroic efforts for particular defendants for little or no pay, but the charity of lawyers ca

35、n be relied on to handle only a tiny fraction of cases. As spending on police, prosecutors and prisons has steadily climbed in the past decade, increasing the number of people charged and imprisoned, spending on indigent defense has not kept pace, overwhelming an already hard-pressed system.（分数：8.00

36、）(1).The word “indigent“ most probably means_A. wealthy B. criminalC. poverty-stricken D. innocent（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inferred from the passage that O.J. Simpson was probably_A. a person who was found not guilty because he hired a very good lawyerB. a person who won his case because he wa

37、s provided with a lawyer at state expenseC. A person who was denied a lawyer and thus lost his case in the courtD. a brilliant lawyer who won numerous cases for the average poor people（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is the authors view of Americas adversarial legal system?A. It is the embodiment of the id

38、eal of equality before the law.B. It is the fairest criminal-justice system in the world.C. As it is, it benefits the rich but works against the poor. D. It is unfair by nature and should be overhauled.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements is true?A. Lawyers who provide defense for

39、the poor often work heroically for little or no pay at all.B. As crime rate increases, American politicians have become more tolerant towards crime than before.C. In America, if a person refuses to accept the judgment of a lower court, he can always appeal to the Supreme Court.D. Government-provided

40、 lawyers tend to go through the formalities of defense and prove to be no match for the prosecutors.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.No reference book, perhaps no book of any kind except the Bible, is so widely used as “the dictionary“. Even houses that have few books or none at all possess at least one dictionary;

41、 most business offices have dictionaries, and most typists keep a copy on their desks; at one time or another most girls and boys are required by their teachers to obtain and use a dictionary.Admittedly, the dictionary is often used merely to determine the correct spelling of words, or to find out t

42、he accepted pronunciation, and such a use is perhaps not the most important from an intellectual point of view. Dictionaries may, however, have social importance, for it is often a matter of some concern to the person using the dictionary for such purposes that he should not suggest to others, by mi

43、sspelling a word in a letter, or mispronouncing it in conversation, that he is not “well-bred“, and has not been well educated.Yet, despite this familiarity with dictionary, the average person is likely to have many wrong ideas about it, and little idea of how to use it profitably, or interpret it r

44、ightly. For example, it is often believed that the mere presence of a word in a dictionary is evidence that it is acceptable in good writing. Though most dictionaries have a system of marking words as obsolete, or in use only as slang, many people, more especially if their use of a particular word h

45、as been challenged, are likely to conclude, if they find it in a dictionary, that it is accepted as being used by writers of established reputation. This would certainly have been true of dictionaries a hundred years or so ago. For a long time after they were first firmly established in the eighteen

46、th century, their aim was to include only what was used by the best writers, and all else was suppressed, and the compiler frequently claimed that this dictionary contained no “low“ words. Apparently this aspect of the dictionary achieved such importance in the mind of the average person that most p

47、eople today were unaware of the great change that has taken place in the compilation of present-day dictionaries.Similarly, the ordinary man invariably supposes that one dictionary is as good and authoritative as another, and, moreover, believes that “the dictionary“ has absolute authority, and quot

48、es it to clinch arguments. Although this is an advantage, in that the dictionary presents a definition the basic meaning of which cant be altered by the speaker, yet it could be accepted only if all dictionaries agreed on the particular point in question. But ultimately the authority of the dictiona

49、ry rests only on the authority of the man who compiled it, and, however careful he may be, a dictionary-maker is fallible: reputable dictionaries may disagree in their judgments, and indeed different sections of the same dictionary may differ.（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. The Bible is the most widely used reference book.B. The dictionary is the most widely used reference book.C. The dictionary is actually the more widely used book than the Bible.D. The Bible is used as widely as