【考研类试卷】考研英语-191及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-191 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Nobody, it seems, wants to be left out of Argentinas current boom in television reality shows. After the success of local versions of “Big Brother“ and “Survivor“, a camera is now to beU (1) /Uin the presidential palace, the Casa Ro

2、sada, to film everything (well, almost)U (2) /UPresident Fernando de la Rua getsU (3) /Uto. The results will be edited andU (4) /Useveral times a day,U (5) /Uthe state channel, Canal 7: thus dispell, it isU (6) /U, the notion that the president spends his time twiddling his thumbs to his economy min

3、ister, Domingo Cavallo, runs the country.This is a dangerous strategy. Mr. de la Ruas predecessor, Carlos Menem, was famous for his love of show business, even closing his 1995 presidential campaignU (7) /Uan appearance on the hit show “Videomatch“. In deliberateU (8) /U, before his election victory

4、 two yearsU (9) /U. Mr. de la RuaU (10) /Uin television commercials that he was a very boring man. Audiences agree: his appearances last year on several leading talkU (11) /Umade their ratings fall. Worse, when he decided to make his own appearance on “Videomatch“ last December, a member of the audi

5、ence blamed him and left himU (12) /Uembarrassed.With a congressional electionU (13) /Uin October, opinionU (14) /Usuggest that over three-quarters of ArgentinesU (15) /Udissatisfied with Mr. de la Rua. That, says his circle, is at least partly due to hisU (16) /Uportrayal by Freddy Villarreal, an i

6、mpressionist on “Videomatch“, and by leading newspaper cartoonists, such as Nik in La Naeion.Mr. de la Ruas team is apparently pressing theU (17) /Uto be nicer. But it is unclear whether blanketU (18) /Uwill help the president winU (19) /Uviewers, or whether they will vote that Fernando shouldU (20)

7、 /Uthe house in 2003（分数：10.00）A.installedB.setC.establishedD.settledA.whatB.thatC.whateverD.whichA.downB.atC.upD.onA.announcingB.broadcastingC.announcedD.broadcastA.atB.inC.onD.throughA.hopingB.hopedC.wishingD.wishedA.inB.byC.throughD.withA.oppositeB.contraryC.contrastD.oppositionA.agoB.beforeC.back

8、D.aheadA.admittedB.declaredC.claimedD.boastedA.showsB.performancesC.actsD.programmesA.seemingB.lookedC.seemedD.lookingA.approachedB.approachingC.comingD.vergingA.censusB.surveysC.ballotsD.pollsA.isB.wereC.areD.wasA.unearingB.insensibleC.unconcernedD.unsympatheticA.channelB.mediaC.showD.TVA.exposureB

9、.revelationC.displayD.disclosureA.throughB.outC.backD.upA.leaveB.abandonC.departD.quit二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBText 1/BWilliam Shakespeare described old age as “second childishness“ sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste. In the case of taste he may, musically speaking, have been even mo

10、re perceptive than he realized. A paper in Neurology by Giovanni Frisoni and his colleagues at the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimers Disease in Brescia, Italy, shows that one form of senile dementia can affect musical desires in ways that suggest a regression, if not to infancy, th

11、en at least to a patients teens.Frontotemporal dementia is caused, as its name suggests, by damage to the front and sides of the brain. These regions are concerned with speech, and with such “higher“ functions as abstract thinking and judgment. Frontotemporal damage therefore produces different symp

12、toms from the loss of memory associated with Alzheimers disease, a more familiar dementia that affects the hippocampus and amygdala in the middle of the brain. Frontotemporal dementia is also rarer than Alzheimers. In the past five years the centre in Brescia has treated some 1,500 Alzheimers patien

13、ts; it has seen only 46 with frontotemporal dementia.Two of those patients interested Dr. Frisoni. One was a 68-year-old lawyer, the other a 73-year-old housewife. Both had undamaged memories, but displayed the sorts of defect associated with frontotemporal dementiaa diagnosis that was confirmed by

14、brain scanning.About two years after he was first diagnosed, the lawyer, once a classical music lover who referred to pop music as “mere noise“, started listening to the Italian pop band “883“. As his command of language and his emotional attachments to friends and family deteriorated, he continued

15、to listen to the band at full volume for many hours a day. The housewife had not even had the lawyers love of classical music, having never enjoyed music of any sort in the past. But about a year after her diagnosis she became very interested in the songs that her 11-year-old granddaughter was liste

16、ning to.This kind of change in musical taste was not seen in any of the Alzheimers patients, and thus appears to be specific to those with frontotemporal dementia. And other studies have remarked on how frontotemporal dememia patients sometimes gain new talents. Five sufferers who developed artistic

17、 abilities are known. And in another lapse of musical taste, one woman with the disease suddenly started composing and singing country and western songs.Dr. Frisoni speculates that the illness is causing people to develop a new attitude towards novel experiences. Previous studies of novelty-seeking

18、behavior suggest that it is managed by the brains right frontal lobe. A predominance of the right over the left frontal lobe, caused by damage to the latter, might thus lead to a quest for new experience. Alternatively, the damage may have affected some specific neural circuit that is needed to appr

19、eciate certain kinds of music. Whether that is a gain or a loss is a different matter. As Dr. Frisoni puts it in his article, De Gustibus Non Disputandum Est. Or, in plainer words, there is no accounting for taste.（分数：10.00）(1).For Shakespeare, old age as “second childishness“ for they have the same

20、_.（分数：2.00）A.favoriteB.memoryC.experienceD.sense(2).Which one is NOT a symptom of Frototemporal dementia?（分数：2.00）A.The loss of memory.B.The loss of judgment.C.The loss of abstract thinking.D.The loss of speech.(3).From the two patients mentioned in the passage, it can be concluded that_.（分数：2.00）A.

21、their command of language has deterioratedB.their emotional attachments to friends and family are being lostC.the Frontotemporal dementia can bring new gillsD.Frontotemporal dementia can cause patients to change their musical tastes(4).The “novel“ in the last paragraph means_.（分数：2.00）A.historical.B

22、.specialC.story-likeD.strange(5).From the passage, it can be inferred that_.（分数：2.00）A.the damage of the left frontal lobe may affect some specific neural circuitB.the lawyer patient has the left frontal lobe damagedC.the damage of the left frontal lobe decreased the appreciation of certain kinds of

23、 musicD.every patient has the same tasteBText 2/BIn Don Juan Lord Byron wrote, “Sweet is revengeespecially to women.“ But a study released on Wednesday, supported by magnetic resonance imaging, suggests that men may be the more natural avengers.In the study, when male subjects witnessed people they

24、perceived as had guys being stroke by a mild electrical shock, their M.R.I. scans lit up in primitive brain areas associated with reward. Their brains empathy centers remained dull. Women watching the punishment, in contrast, showed no response in centers associated with pleasure. Even though they a

25、lso said they did not like the bad guys, their empathy centers still quietly glowed.The study seems to show for the first time in physical terms what many people probably assume they already know: that women are generally more empathetic than men. and that men take great pleasure in seeing revenge e

26、xacted. Men “expressed more desire for revenge and seemed to feel satisfaction when unfair people were given what they perceived as deserved physical punishment,“ said Dr Tania Singer, the lead researcher, of the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience at University College London. But far from

27、condemning the male impulse for retribution, Dr. Singer said it had an important social function: “This type of behavior has probably been crucial in the evolution of society as the majority of people in a group are motivated to punish those who cheat on the rest.“The study is part of a growing body

28、 of research that is attempting to better understand behavior and emotions by observing simultaneous physiological changes in the brain, a technique now attainable through imaging. “Imaging is still in its early days but we are transitioning from a descriptive to a more mechanistic type of study,“ s

29、aid Dr. Klaas Enno Stephan, a co-author of the paper.Dr. Singers team was simply trying to see if the study subjects degree of empathy correlated with how much they liked or disliked the person being punished. They had not set out to look into sex differences. To cultivate personal likes and dislike

30、s in their 32 volunteers, they asked them to play a complex money strategy game, where both members of a pair would profit if both behaved cooperatively. The ranks of volunteers were infiltrated by actors told to play selfishly. Volunteers came quickly to “very much like“ the partners who were coope

31、rative, while disliking those who hided rewards, Dr. Stephan said. Effectively conditioned to like and dislike their game-playing partners, the 32 subjects were placed in scanners and asked to watch the various partners receive electrical shocks. On scans, both men and women seemed to feel the pain

32、of partners they liked. But the real surprise came during scans when the subjects viewed the partners they disliked being shocked. “When women saw the shock, they still had an empathetic response, even though it was reduced.“ Dr. Stephan said. “The men had none at all.“ Furthermore, researchers. fou

33、nd that the brains pleasure centers lit up in males when just punishment was meted out.The researchers cautioned that it was not clear if men and women are born with divergent responses to revenge or if their social experiences generate, the responses. Dr. Singer said larger studies were needed to s

34、ee if differing responses would be seen in cases involving revenge that did not involve pain. Still, she added. “This investigation would seem to indicate there is a predominant role for men in maintaining justice and issuing punishment.“（分数：10.00）(1).Lord Byrons words mean_.（分数：2.00）A.Women are cru

35、eler than menB.Revenge on women is sweeterC.Women feel sweeter with revenge than menD.Women love to revenge(2).According to the text, Dr. Singers attitude to male revenge impulse is_. A. sympathetic B. detached C positive D. negative（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, the study is originally

36、 aimed_.（分数：2.00）A.to show sex differences on revengeB.to better understand humans behavior and emotionsC.to cultivate personal likes and dislikesD.to see if the degree of empathy is connected with personal likes and dislikes(4).The word “infiltrated“ (Line 5, Para. 5) probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.act

37、edB.mixedC.taughtD.filtrated(5).Dr. Singer thinks men are more suitable to maintain justice and issue punishment than women because_.（分数：2.00）A.mens brains empathy centers remained dull when punishment was executedB.womens pleasure centers were lit up with punishment implementedC.men have no respons

38、e when seeing punishment executedD.men had different experiences from womenBText 3/BWhen, in 1976. John Midgley was awarded the CBE for telling readers of The Economist about the United States, he took particular delight in the fact that he went by bus from work to accept the decoration from Queen E

39、lizabeth (who was staying in Blair House in Washington), and was in and out quick enough, drinking up a gin and tonic without a stop, to use the transfer ticket to go out to dinner.He was a print hack all his life, spending freely on fun and friends, but never bothering to make his name known or his

40、 wallet fatter, with books or broadcasting. The possessor of free intelligence, he was not on a soap-box, or concentrated on influencing the great and good, though he got their attention just the same. His job, he once said, “was to assist the reading public to understand what was going on“. He conv

41、eyed his liberal view of the world with great clarity but “if you cant give people useful information, you can shut up.“ He finally did shut up, just before Christmas.Midgley, born in the working-class north of England in 1911, was in military intelligence during the Second World War, trying to work

42、 out Germanys intentions. He then turned to journalism, dodging for a time between The Economist, the (then) Manchester Guardian and the Times. as leader writer and foreign correspondent. In 1956 he landed on The Economist and, luckily for us, stayed there, until and beyond his retirement, contribut

43、ing a book review days before he died.He was foreign editor for seven years, pulling foreign coverage together in (his own words) “a reasonably satisfactory manner“. He was a brilliant, scary teacher to a classroom of aspiring hacks, not lazily rewriting their pathetic stories but throwing them back

44、 to be redone, with advice that bums to this day. He also. less brilliantly, sent Kim Philby, whom he had known at Cambridge, to string for the paper from Beirut. until the spys mask fell off and he fled to the Soviet Union.In 1963. after a bit of an upheaval at The Economist, he went off to be Wash

45、ington correspondent and, from then on, everything fell into place. He excelled at his job, lucidly explaining American affairs even to Americans themselves as well as to the rest of the world. He married Elizabeth. a producer at CBS, and they looked after each other with love and wit. Their house i

46、n north-west Washington was a warm and lovely meeting-place. His was a good life, the second half especially.（分数：10.00）(1).John Midgley was NOT fond of_.（分数：2.00）A.making funsB.making friendsC.making himself famousD.truth editing(2).He worked in all the following places at one time or another EXCEPT

47、_.（分数：2.00）A.The TimesB.Washington and CBSC.The EconomistD.The Manchester Guardian(3).From the second, paragraph, we can conclude John Midgley_.（分数：2.00）A.didnt get any attention from anyoneB.expressed his personal viewC.was successful in his careerD.gave lot of useless information(4).What does it m

48、ean by “he was not on a soap-box in the second paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.He was not showing off.B.He was high enough.C.He didnt like to stand on a soap-box.D.He neednt to be on a soap-box.(5).It can be inferred from the text that_.（分数：2.00）A.his second half of life is more marvelousB.The Economist fired himC.he was not se creditable in family lifeD.John Midgley did his job excellently in The EconomistBText 4/BEco-tourismtravel that preserves the environment and promotes the welfare of local people continues to gain force. Impressed by the success of countries like Costa Rica and Ecu