【考研类试卷】考博英语-269及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-269 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.The newcomers found it impossible to _ themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.（分数：0.50）A.suitB.adaptC.regulateD.coordinate2._ their differences the couple were developing an obvious and

2、 genuine affection for each other.（分数：0.50）A.But forB.For allC.Above allD.Except for3.He hoped the firm would _ him to the Paris branch.（分数：0.50）A.exchangeB.transmitC.transferD.remove4.Customers may also be permitted to _ their current accounts for a short period in anticipation of a credit item com

3、ing in.（分数：0.50）A.overextendB.overdrawC.overvalueD.overpay5.You have nothing to _ by refusing to listen to our advice,（分数：0.50）A.gainB.graspC.seizeD.earn6.The car _ halfway for no reason.（分数：0.50）A.broke offB.broke downC.broke upD.broke our7.I never trusted him because I always thought of him as suc

4、h a _ character.（分数：0.50）A.graciousB.suspiciousC.uniqueD.particular8.The relationship between employers and employees has been studied _.（分数：0.50）A.originallyB.extremelyC.violentlyD.intensively9.A _ to this problem is expected to be found before long.（分数：0.50）A.resultB.responseC.settlementD.solution

5、10.As a result of careless washing the jacket _ to a childs raze.（分数：0.50）A.compressedB.shrankC.droppedD.decreased11.The purpose of a _ is to cut down imports in order to protect domestic industry and workers from foreign competition.（分数：0.50）A.taxB.tollC.feeD.tariff12.Dozens of scientific groups al

6、l over the world have been _ the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.（分数：0.50）A.pursuingB.chasingC.reachingD.winning13.I didnt say anything like that at all. You are purposely _ my ideas to prove your point.（分数：0.50）A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.dis

7、tracting14.One day I _ a newspaper article about the retirement of an English professor at a nearby state college.（分数：0.50）A.came acrossB.came aboutC.came afterD.came at15.Having decided to rent a flat, we _ contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city.（分数：0.50）A.set aboutB.set downC.set ou

8、tD.set up16.Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this _ produces artificial cold surrounding it.（分数：0.50）A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction17.If you want to buy this house, the payment may be made in five _.（分数：0.50）A.installmentsB.piece

9、sC.sharesD.parts18.When travelling, you are advised to take travellers checks, which provide a secure _ to carrying your money in cash.（分数：0.50）A.substituteB.selectionC.preferenceD.alternative19.If the profits in one year are not sufficient to pay the dividend, the _ will be paid from the profits of

10、 later year.（分数：0.50）A.arrearB.debtC.differenceD.margin20.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that _ the speakers stopped for refreshments.（分数：0.50）A.at largeB.at intervalsC.at easeD.at random二、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 2

11、0th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened (21) . As was discussed before, it was not (22) the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic (23) , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the (24) of the peri

12、odical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution (25) up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading (26) through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures (27) the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in (

13、28) . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, (29) , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, (30) by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, (31) its impact on the media was not immediately (32) . As time were by,

14、 computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal“ too. as well as (33) , with display becoming sharper and storage (34) increasing. They were thought of, like people, (35) generations, with the distance between generations much smaller.It was within the computer age that the te

15、rm “information society“ began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live.（分数：15.00）A.betweenB.beforeC.sinceD.laterA.afterB.byC.duringD.untilA.meansB.methodC.mediumD.measureA.processB.companyC.lightD.formA.gatheredB.speededC.workedD.pickedA.onB.outC.overD.offA.ofB.forC.beyond

16、D.intoA.conceptB.dimensionC.effectD.perspectiveA.indeedB.henceC.howeverD.thereforeA.broughtB.followedC.stimulatedD.characterizedA.unlessB.sinceC.lestD.althoughA.apparentB.desirableC.negativeD.plausibleA.institutionalB.universalC.fundamentalD.instrumentalA.abilityB.capabilityC.capacityD.facultyA.by m

17、eans ofB.in terms ofC.with regard toD.in line with三、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The climate of Earth is changing. Climatologists are confident that over the past century, the global average surface temperature has increased by about half a degree Celsius. This warming

18、 is thought to be at least partly the result of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests for agriculture. As the global population grows and national economies expand, the global average temperature is expected to continue increasing by an additional 1.0 to 3

19、.5 by the year 2100.Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing human- kind. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystems is essential if we are going to manage our environment to minimize the negative consequences of climate change and max

20、imize the opportunities that it may offer. Because natural ecosystems are complex, nonlinear systems, it follows that their responses to climate change are likely to be complex. Climate change may affect natural ecosystems m a variety of ways. In the short term. climate change can alter the mix of p

21、lant species in land ecosystems such as grasslands. In the long term, climate change has the potential to dramatically alter the geo- graphic distribution of major vegetation types savannas, forests, and climate change can also potentially alter global ecosystem processes, including the cycling of c

22、arbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Moreover. changes in these ecosystem processes can affect and be affected by changes in the plant species of the ecosystem and vegetation type. All of the climate change-induced alterations of natural ecosystems affect the services, that these ecosystems prov

23、ide to humans.The global average surface temperature increase of half a degree Celsius observed over the past century has been in part due to differential changes in daily maximum and minimum temperatures, resulting in a narrowing of the diurnal temperature range. Decreases in the diurnal temperatur

24、e range were first identified in the United States, where large-area trends showed that maximum temperatures have remained constant or increased only slightly, whereas minimum temperatures have increased at a faster rate. In this issue, Al-ward et al. report on the different sensitivities of rangela

25、nd plants to minimum temperature increases.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the global warming?（分数：2.00）A.The burning of fuels such as coal or oil.B.The clearing of forests.C.The cultivation of farmland,D.The negative consequences of human activities.(2).The seco

26、nd paragraph is primarily concerned with _.（分数：2.00）A.the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystemsB.how to minimize the negative consequences of climate changeC.how to maximize the opportunities that climate change may offerD.the complex, nonlinear nature of natural ecosystems(3).A

27、ccording to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the temperature in- creases observed over the past century.?（分数：2.00）A.Increases of daily maximum temperatures.B.Decreases of daily minimum temperatures.C.Increases of diurnal temperature range.D.Decreases in the diurnal temperature rang(4)

28、.In subsequent paragraphs, we may expect the writer of this passage to _.（分数：2.00）A.discuss the global impacts of temperature increasesB.present a point of view which supports the idea of the second paragraphC.introduce Alwards report on the different sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum tem

29、perature increasesD.further illustrate the causes of the global average surface temperature increases(5).The word “diurnal“ (Line 3, Par（分数：2.00）A.3) is closest in meaning to_.A. day-and-nightsB. everydayC. two daysD. yearly五、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many objects in daily use have clearly been influ

30、enced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cant be reduced to unambigu

31、ous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but bec

32、ause they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping process of a technologists mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of non-verbal thinking on the machine by

33、continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be the valves placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations

34、 of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal th

35、inking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed, to entail “hard thinking“, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes an

36、d inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with t

37、he requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to en- counter silly bu

38、t costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems

39、 are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.（分数：10.00）(1).In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with _.（分数：2.00）A.identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologistsB.str

40、essing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering designC.proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technologyD.criticizing engineering schools for emphasizing science in engineering curricula(2).It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are

41、 _.（分数：2.00）A.strengthened when they include courses in designB.strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the coursesC.strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control, systemsD.strong despite the absence of nonscient

42、ific modes of thinking(3).The main point of the first two paragraphs can best be illustrated as _.（分数：2.00）A.when a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair itB.a telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal

43、thoughtC.the designer of a new refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators before deciding on its formD.the distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designers conceptualization as wetl as the physical requirements of its site(4).The example of the early models of h

44、igh-speed railroad cars is used to _.（分数：2.00）A.weaken the point that math is a necessary part of the study of designB.support the idea that errors in modern engineering systems are likely to increaseC.illustrate the topic that courses in design are the most effective cost-reducing meansD.exemplify

45、the thesis that inadequate attention to nonscientific design may result in poor design(5).The author seems to be in agreement with which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.Mathematical thinking is essential to any design course.B.Non-verbal thinking has its advantage over other perceptive processes.C.Engin

46、eering design demands scientific thought.D.Artists play a primitive role in engineering work.六、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 748 hours sleep alternating with some 16,417 hours wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally c

47、oincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in indus

48、try where automation calls for round the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakeful-ness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are change

49、d every week: a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week, 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. the next, and 4 p. m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to an- other, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting stud