【考研类试卷】考博英语-107及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-107 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and

2、mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.He began his long and transcendent career in a nondescript laboratory on the Adriatric Sea, dissecting eels. “Since eels do not keep diaries, “the investigator, 19-year-old Sigmund Freud wrote to a friend in

3、the spring of 1876, the only way to detect gender was to cut and slice, “but in vain, all the eels which I cut open are of the fairer sex.Beginning May 11, 2006, the New York Academy of Medicine will exhibit the largest collection of Freuds drawings ever assembled, including several pieces from priv

4、ate collectors that have not been displayed in public. The drawings, some embedded in letters and scientific essays, chart the evolution of the Austrian neurologists thinking, from his early and lesser known devotion to marine anatomy to the psychological theory that would alter forever humans conce

5、ption of themselves and launch a discipline, psychoanalysis, that dominated psychiatry for half a century. The American Psychoanalytic Association and the New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute collaborated in the exhibition.Freuds methods have fallen from favor in recent decades, but science

6、 historians say that his investigation of the unconscious more than a century ago stands as a revolutionary achievement that still informs many therapists understanding of memory, trauma, and behaviorFreuds drawing were serious science, the eel doodle notwithstanding. In the latter part of the 19th

7、century, German researchers considered drawing to be instrumental to scientific discovery, both as a way to capture the microscopic detail of nerve cells, for example, and to illustrate theories of how the brain might work, said Lynn Gamwell, curator of the exhibit and director of the Art Museum at

8、the State University of New York at Binghamton. “ Einstein once said that when be thought about science, he thought visually, he thought in pictures, and this appears to be the case with Freud,“ said Dr. Gamwell, a professor of science history.Freuds drawing tell a story in three acts, from biology

9、to psychology, from the microscope to the couch. The first, from Freuds college years into his mid-twenties, took place in laboratories, where he examined the nervous systems of crayfish and lamprey, among other animals. The 21 drawings from this period would look familiar to anyone who used a micro

10、scope in high school but on deeper inspection betray compulsive detail.One, titled “On the Structure of the Nerve Fibers and Nerve Cells of the River Crayfish, “ depicts four types of nerve cells and minutely details the elements in the nuclei, the cell bodies shaded so carefully that they appear th

11、ree-dimensional, alive, alien eyeballs bobbing in space. In another sketch, of the spinal anatomy of the lamprey, nerve fibers braid together like climbing vines, with cells hung throughout like clusters of ripening grapes.By his late twenties, Freud had gained some experience with patients and, in

12、a second phase of his career, he began to focus on brain function rather than descriptive anatomy. One drawing from this period, meant to illustrate the brains auditory system, is as spare and geometric as a Calder sculpture, with fibers running between neural regions. The sketch is meant to represe

13、nt scientific pathways in the brain, but the depiction is dramatically more abstract than his earlier work. In another, from an unpublished essay titled “Introduction to neuropathology,“ looping lines connect several nodes in a diagram intended to show how areas of the brain represent body, arms, fa

14、ce, hands.At the time these drawing appeared, many neurologists presumed the body was somehow mirrored in the brain, perhaps altered in form but recognizable, intact. Yet in this sketch and others like it, Freud said the brain worked differently; that is, fibers and cell “contain the body periphery

15、in the same way as a poem contains the alphabet, in a complete arrangement“ based on a body parts function, not its location. Later research supported Freuds contention.（分数：8.00）(1).In the late 19th century, it was believed that drawings were important to scientific discovery because they _. A. help

16、ed researchers relax during times of stress B. charted the evolution of scientific thinking C. illustrated how the brain functions D. helped to determine gender（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Freud began his career as a _. A. neurologist B. psychologist C. biologist D. laboratory assistant（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).

17、In a career change, Freud switched from anatomy to a study of _. A. brain functions B. Neuropathology C. nervous systems D. pathology（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The best possible title for the passage is _. A. Freud as an Artist B. On the Structure of Nerve Fibers C. From Microscope to Couch D. Elementary

18、Psychoanalysis（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.In the 1970s, Charles Kowal at mount Palomar Observatory discovered Chiron, an asteroid whose orbit was in the vicinity of Saturn and Uranus, far from other known asteroids.In the 1990s, robotic telescopes began to comb the Kuiper Belt, the region of the solar system b

19、eyond the obit of Neptune. More than 400 objects were discovered there, with the biggest object about half the size of Pluto.Last year, the farthest asteroid to date was found: Sedna, named after an Inuit goddess who dwells in a cave at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean. Sedna has a very eccentric orbi

20、t that takes it nearly 1,000 times farther from the Sun than Pluto and outside the Kuiper Belt.In early January 2005, the same team that discovered Sedna found a larger body. From its light and absence of infrared radiation, the team of Brown, Trujillo, and Rabinovitz are certain that the objects si

21、ze is between that of Pluto (1,485 miles across) and our moon (2,160 miles across).Its temporary name is 2003 UB313. Presently, the object is 9 billion miles from the sun, about three times as far as Pluto. At this distance from the Sun, 2003 UB313 has a surface temperature of 415 below zero.This Ku

22、iper Belt object takes 560 Earth years to orbit the Sun. 2003 UB313s orbit has a tilt of 44 degrees to the plane of the solar system, more than twice the tilt of Pluto (the previous planet record holder). Its minimum solar distance is 3.3 billion years, close to the edge of Neptunes orbit.2003 UB313

23、s orbit is well-known due to its being captured on wide angle photographs taken in 2003 by the 4-foot-wide Schmidt telescope on Mount Palomar.Will UB313 be called the tenth planet? The decision is up to the International Astronomical Union.Asteroids are mini-planets, most of which are located in the

24、 asteroid belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The largest of the belt asteroids is Ceres, about 700 miles across (i. e. roughly the size of Texas). Most asteroids are much smaller, typically less than a mile across.While most asteroids keep their distance from Earth, there are probably 1,0

25、00 asteroids that are located in the inner solar system and may cross Earths orbit.Last summer, a robotic telescope discovered a 1,000-foot-wide asteroid that crosses Earths orbit. The object is 99942 Apophis. Once Apophis orbit was determined, its future positions decades ahead were generated by co

26、mputer.There was a shock when an early study showed Apophis to be on a collision course with Earth in 2029. More early observations were utilized to refine Apophis orbit; new calculations showed that on April 13,2029, Apophis would instead pass 22,000 miles from Earth, which is a little less than th

27、ree Earth diameters. Apophis will then be visible to the naked eye from Europe and western Africa.（分数：8.00）(1).The author provides information that would answer which of the following questions? A. What are some of the causes of asteroids? B. Who is Charles Kowal? C. What are asteroids? D. When will

28、 Neptune collide with Earth?（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It may be concluded from the passage that _. A. the Kuiper Belt includes 1,000 asteroids B. there is a chance that Apophis may collide with Earth C. most asteroids are dangerously close to Earth D. there is no inherent danger from falling asteroids（分数

29、：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The passage mentions that _. A. the decision to name new asteroids is made by their discoveries B. Sedna is the farthest asteroid from Earth C. the largest asteroid is Pluto D. Apophis is about the size of Pluto（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following titles best describes the c

30、ontents of the passage? A. The Impact of Asteroids on the Solar System. B. What Is the Tenth Planet? C. How Asteroids Are Discovered. D. The Search for Asteroids.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Some economists believe that the United States can be utilized as a “land bridge“ for the shipment of containerized cargo

31、 between Europe and the Far East. Under the land- bridge concept, containerized freight traveling between Europe Line and the Far East would be shipped by ocean carrier to the United States East Coast, unloaded and placed on special railway flatc, rs, and shipped via railroad to a West Coast port. A

32、t this port, the containers would then be loaded on ships bound to a Far East port of entry. This procedure would be reversed for material traveling in the opposite direction. Thus, a land transportation system would be substituted for marine transportation during part of the movement of goods betwe

33、en Europe and the Far East.If a land-bridge system of shipment were deemed feasible and competitive with alternative methods, it would open a completely new market for both United States steamship lines and railroads. At present, foreign lines carry all Far East-Europe freight. American carriers get

34、 none of this trade, and the all-water route excludes the railroads.The system established by a land bridge could also serve to handle goods now being shipped between the United States West Coast and Europe, or goods shipped between the Far East and the United States Gulf and East Coast. Currently,

35、there are 20 foreign lines carrying West Coast freight to Europe via the Panama Canal, but not one United States line. Thus, in addition to the land bridge getting this new business for the railroads, it also gives the United States East Coast ships an opportunity to compete for this trade.While thi

36、s method of shipment will probably not add to the labor requirements at East and West Coast piers, it does have the potential of absorbing some of the jobs that the containerization of current cargo has eliminated or could eliminate. Thus, the possibility of creating new jobs for longshoremen is not

37、 an expected benefit of such a system, but it will most certainly create other labor requirements. The land-bridge concept has the potential of offering new job openings for United States railway workers and seamen. In addition, there would be expansion of labor requirements for people in the shipbu

38、ilding and container manufacturing business.By making United States rail transportation an export service, the land-bridge system would have a favorable effect on our balance of payments. Such a system also has the potential of relieving the United States government of part of the burden it now bear

39、s in the form of subsidies to the shipping industry. The federal government subsidizes the construction and operation of scheduled vessels. Some 52 percent of the income from their operation comes from the government in that these ships are used for all our military and other government-related expo

40、rt shipments. The land-bridge requirement for scheduled sailings could effect a shift from the use of these scheduled lines for shipment of government goods to commercial cargo of the land bridge. This would then open some of the lucrative government business to the unscheduled, unsubsidized lines.（

41、分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, if a land-bridge system were feasible, it would _. A. create employment in the bridge-building industry B. decrease the amount of air freight C. create a new market for steamship lines and railroads D. make American railroads more efficient（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).W

42、hich of the following might least benefit from a land bridge? A. U. S. railway workers. B. U.S. sailors. C. U. S. scheduled shipping lines. D. U.S. unscheduled shipping lines.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, the major alternative to a U. S. land bridge is the _. A. Panama Canal B. Suez

43、 Canal C. air-freight system D. all-land route（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The passage states that a land bridge would improve United States _. A. foreign trade B. balance of payments C. railroad industry D. international relations（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Until recently, corporate ideology in the United States has

44、held that bigger is better. This traditional view of the primacy of big, centralized companies is now being challenged as some of the giants of American business are being outperformed by a new generation of smaller, streamlined businesses. If it was the industrial revolution that spawned the era of

45、 massive industrialized companies, then perhaps it was the information revolution of the 1990s that spawned the era were now inthe era of the small company.For most of the 20th century, big companies dominated an American business scene that seemed to thrive on its own grandness of scale. The expans

46、ion westward, the growth of the railroad and steel industries, an almost limitless supply of cheap raw materials, plus a population boom that provided an ever-increasing demand for new products(although not a cheap source of labor) all coincided to encourage the growth of large companies.But rapid d

47、evelopments in the marketplace have begun to change the accepted rules of business and have underscored the need for fast reaction times. Small companies, without huge overhead and inventory, can respond quickly to a technologically advanced age in which new products and technologies can become outm

48、oded within a year of their being brought to market.Of course, successful emerging small companies face a potential dilemma in that their very success will tend to turn them into copies of the large corporate dinosaurs they are now supplanting. To avoid this trap, small companies may look to the exa

49、mple of several CEOs of large corporations who have broken down their sprawling organizations into small, semi-independent divisions capable of surviving in todays marketplace.（分数：8.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to _. A. present evidence that resolves a contradiction in business theory B. discuss reasons an accepted business pattern is changing C. describe a theoretical model and a method whereby that mod