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1、IEEE Std 1661-2007IEEE Guide for Test and Evaluationof Lead-Acid Batteries Used inPhotovoltaic (PV) Hybrid PowerSystemsIEEE3 Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5997, USA8 February 2008IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21Sponsored by theIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 onFuel Cells, Photovolta

2、ics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage1661TMIEEE Std 1661-2007 IEEE Guide for Test and Evaluation of Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Photovoltaic (PV) Hybrid Power Systems Sponsor IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage Appro

3、ved 27 September 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This guide is specifically prepared for a PV/engine generator hybrid power system, but may also be applicable to all hybrid power systems where there is at least one renewable power source, such as PV, and a dispatchable power source, such as a

4、n engine generator. Taper-charge parameters for PV hybrid systems are suggested to help in preparing the battery for a capacity test. A test procedure is provided to ensure appropriate data acquisition, battery characterization, and capacity measurements. Finally, a process to review test results an

5、d make appropriate decisions regarding the battery is provided. No cycle-life predictions are made. Keywords: battery testing, lead-acid battery charging, lead-acid battery testing, PV hybrid battery test, PV system testing The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, N

6、ew York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 8 February 2008. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions ofany

7、 individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright ClearanceCenter.iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1661-2007, IEEE Guide for Test and Evaluation of Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Photovoltaic

8、(PV) Hybrid Power Systems. The hybrid power system in this guide refers to a photovoltaic (PV) energy charging source and a dispatchable charging source, such as an engine generator. The hybrid power system designer depends on the capacity of storage batteries for reliable extended operation of the

9、system load to more effectively utilize and store the PV energy and minimize engine generator run-time. PV hybrid systems, which are the most common hybrid systems, can subject batteries to harsh operational environments as a result of insufficient charging, continuous cycling, and temperature extre

10、mes. Typical charge rates for PV hybrid systems can range from very low rates near the 100 h rate to high rates near the 6 h rate. The effect on the battery can be significant with respect to heat generation and charge control parameters. In daily operation, the limited available PV and engine gener

11、ator charging sources combined with relatively low charge regulation voltages may be insufficient to provide a full charge to the battery. In an effort to identify appropriate PV hybrid system parameters together with appropriate battery technology, a repeatable test procedure is provided to verify

12、PV hybrid system battery performance based on a field test. The recommended test plan for evaluating PV batteries includes the following: Limitations and expectations System parameter selection PV hybrid battery capacity test Interpretation of test results This guide may be used separately, or in co

13、mbination with IEEE Std 937-2007,aIEEE Recommended Practice for the Installation and Maintenance of Lead-Acid Batteries for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, IEEE Std 1013-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, and IEEE Std 1361-2003, IEEE Guide for Se

14、lection, Charging, Test, and Evaluation of Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. Together, these documents will provide the user with a general guide to sizing, designing, placing in service, maintaining, and testing lead-acid storage batteries for hybrid power systems.

15、Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. _ aFor information on references, see Clause 2. Interpretati

16、ons Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no po

17、sition is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims, or determining

18、 whether any licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Energy Storage Subsystems Working Group had the

19、 following membership: Jay L. Chamberlain, Chair Kenneth S. Sanders, Secretary Tom D. Hund, Task Leader Howard Barikmo Paul Butler Rob Cary Jay L. Chamberlin Garth P. Corey Ced G. Currin Charles Finin Lauren Giles Bob Hammond Paul Hutchinson Peter F. McNutt Haissam Nasrat Michael T. Nispel Carl Park

20、er Robert F. Rallo G. Tamizhmani John Wiles Steve Vechy At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 (SCC21) on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage had the following membership: Richard

21、DeBlasio, Chair Stephen Chalmers, Vice Chair Thomas S. Basso, Secretary William Ash, IEEE SCC21 Liaison David L. Bassett John J. Bzura Jay L. Chamberlin James M. Daley Douglas C. Dawson Frank Goodman Kevin Hecht Joseph L. Koepfinger Benjamin Kroposki Robert Saint Mallur N. Satyanarayan Timothy P. Zg

22、onena v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Adam J. Bagby Thomas S. Basso Richard

23、 T. Bolgeo Mark D. Bowman Steven R. Brockschink William A. Byrd Thomas Carpenter Jay L. Chamberlin Weijen Chen Keith Chow Mark S. Clark Tommy P. Cooper Garth P. Corey Ced G. Currin Stephen Dare Gary Engmann Randall C. Groves Tom D. Hund Jim Kulchisky Saumen K. Kundu William G. Lowe G. Luri Keith N.

24、Malmedal James A. McDowall Mark F. McGranaghan Peter F. McNutt Gary L. Michel Haissam Nasrat Michael S. Newman Charles K. Ngethe Michael T. Nispel Chris L. Osterloh Donald M. Parker Percy E. Pool Robert F. Rallo Randall M. Safier Kenneth S. Sanders Steven Sano Bartien Sayogo Tarkeshwar Singh David R

25、. Smith S. Thamilarasan Joe D. Watson James W. Wilson Oren Yuen Ahmed F. Zobaa When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 27 September 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio

26、 Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Vi

27、rginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael H. Kelley, NIST Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document

28、 Development William Ash IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Definitions 2 4. Safe test procedures 3 5. Recommended test plan 3 5.1 Objectives 3 5.2 Parameter selection 3 5.3 Battery charging pa

29、rameters 4 5.4 Battery test procedure 4 6. Evaluation of test results 6 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 8 vii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for Test and Evaluation of Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Photovoltaic (PV) Hybrid Power Systems 1. 1.11.22. Overview This guide was wr

30、itten to provide a photovoltaic (PV) hybrid power system battery test procedure that can be used to assist in evaluating battery capacity, and appropriate PV battery charging requirements. Use of this guide by funding organizations, battery manufacturers, PV system integrators, and consumers should

31、provide the means to assist in identifying systems that may benefit from improved system design and its subsequent charging specifications. Scope This guide contains a field test procedure for lead-acid batteries used in PV hybrid power systems. Battery charging parameters are discussed with respect

32、 to PV hybrid power systems. The field test procedure is intended to verify the batterys operating setpoints and battery performance. Discussion on how to interpret test results is also included. This guide is applicable to all PV hybrid power systems where PV and an engine generator are the only ch

33、arging sources. This guide does not include stand-alone PV-only systems. Purpose This guide provides a field test and evaluation procedure for lead-acid batteries used in PV hybrid power systems. It is intended to help system owners, designers, and funding organizations to select, manage, and verify

34、 lead-acid battery performance in PV hybrid power systems. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is exp

35、lained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. 1 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1661-2007 IEEE Guide for Test and Evaluation of Lead-Acid Batter

36、ies Used in Photovoltaic (PV) Hybrid Power Systems IEEE Std 450-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications.1,2IEEE Std 937-2007, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation and Maintenance of Lead-Acid Batteries

37、for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. IEEE Std 1188-2005, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries (VRLA) for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1361-2003, IEEE Guide for Selection, Charging, Test, and Evaluation of Lead-Acid Batteries Used i

38、n Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. 3.Definitions For the purposes of this guide, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B33should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause. 3.1 boost charge: A battery charge to recover lost capa

39、city from an extended period of non-use or cycling. 3.2 charge controller: An electrical control device that regulates battery charging by voltage control and/or other means. The charge controller may also incorporate one or more of the following functions: discharge termination, regulation voltage

40、temperature compensation, load control, data acquisition, and status indication. 3.3 dispatchable power source: An electrical power generator that is available on demand. 3.4 end-of-discharge voltage: The battery voltage at which the discharge test is terminated. 3.5 finish charge: The continuation

41、of a taper charge beyond the arbitrary duration of the taper charge to fully restore the battery to 100% state of charge (SOC). 3.6 hybrid power system: A hybrid power system that integrates two or more energy generation sources, a battery for energy storage, and necessary controls for the purpose o

42、f supplying electricity to loads. For the purposes of this guide, the hybrid power system includes an engine generator and a renewable power resource, such as PV. 3.7 monoblock: The smallest number of packaged cells in a battery string where the string of cell voltages can be measured. Usually cells

43、 are packaged in 6 V or 12 V monoblocks. 3.8 percent overcharge: The excess amount of energy returned to a battery, expressed as a percentage of the energy removed in the previous discharge. Typical percent overcharge values are between 105% and 130% depending on battery design. 3.9 premature capaci

44、ty loss: Significant lead-acid battery capacity loss, usually greater than 10%, that occurs during cycling even though the battery receives adequate charge to recover the discharged capacity. The decline in capacity occurs early in the projected cycle life of the battery without any of the tradition

45、al capacity loss or wear-out mechanisms. 1IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2The IEEE standards or products referred to in Clause 2 are trademarks of the Institute of Elect

46、rical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. 2 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1661-2007 IEEE Guide for Test and Evaluation of Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Photovoltaic (PV) Hybrid Power Systems 3.10 specific gra

47、vity: Specific gravity is the ratio of electrolyte density over the density of pure water at 25 C. Specific gravity is measured to three digits past the decimal point, e.g., 1.280. 3.11 specific gravity point: Specific gravity point is a number equivalent to the third decimal place of an electrolyte

48、 specific gravity measurement, i.e., one specific gravity point equals 0.001. For example, the difference between a specific gravity reading of 1.265 and a reading of 1.280 is 15 points. 3.12 taper charge: An interval of arbitrary duration in which the battery is exposed to a constant voltage charge

49、 during which the current tapers to some user acceptable point that indicates to the user that the battery has reached an acceptable SOC that allows the battery to be returned to a discharge activity. 4.5.5.15.2Safe test procedures Whenever batteries are used, certain safety concerns shall be considered. Installation of batteries under test shall be in accordance with procedures outlined in IEEE Std 937-20074and/or IEEE Std 1361-2003. Goggles for eye protection, acid-resistant gloves, eyewash stations (portable or stationary), elec