ACI 357 3R-2014 Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine Structures.pdf

《ACI 357 3R-2014 Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine Structures.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《ACI 357 3R-2014 Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine Structures.pdf（52页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine StructuresReported by ACI Committee 357ACI 357.3R-14First PrintingOctober 2014ISBN: 978-0-87031-937-2Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine StructuresCopyright by the American Concrete In

2、stitute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee report

3、s and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions

4、 for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use o

5、f individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the

6、application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members d

7、isclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health a

8、nd safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and mu

9、st comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Inst

10、itute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee re

11、ports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgWaterfront and coastal concrete marine structures are exposed to severe env

12、ironmental conditions for which concrete is ideally suited. These conditions include wind; waves, including seiches and tsunamis; ice and ship impact; abrasion and impact from floating debris; passing vessel effects; and seismic events. As many of these structures are pile-supported, the seismic loa

13、ding can be critical and, therefore, a discussion of piles and their installation is included in this guide. Also provided are the measures that can be taken to minimize the undesirable effects of these environmental factors and reduce the potential for serious problems.This guide also defines water

14、front and coastal concrete marine structures, discusses materials that can be used to construct them, describes potential durability issues and how to mitigate them, and presents sustainability and serviceability requirements. Design loads, analysis techniques, design methodology, and construction c

15、onsiderations are also presented. Other topics include quality control (QC), above-water and below-water inspection of these structures, and repair of damaged structures. The materials, processes, QC measures, and inspections described in this guide should be tested, monitored, or performed as appli

16、cable only by qualified individuals holding the appropriate ACI certifications or equivalent.Keywords: construction procedures; durability; inspection; marine struc-tures; materials, quality control; serviceability; sustainability; structural analysis; structural design.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1GENERAL, p.

17、21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 2CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 22.1Notation, p. 22.2Definitions, p. 3CHAPTER 3TYPES AND STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS OF CONCRETE MARINE STRUCTURES, p. 43.1General definition, p. 43.2Functional classification, p. 43.3Layout and operational terminology, p. 43.4S

18、tructural configurations, p. 53.5Application of concrete in marine structures, p. 53.6Concrete marine structures in contemporary design practice, p. 5CHAPTER 4MATERIALS, p. 54.1General, p. 54.2Cementitious materials, p. 54.3Aggregates, p. 74.4Water, p. 74.5Chemical admixtures, p. 74.6Concrete, p. 84

19、.7Fibers, p. 84.8Deformed reinforcement, p. 8Domenic DArgenzio, Chair George C. Hoff, SecretaryACI 357.3R-14Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine StructuresReported by ACI Committee 357Mike S. BrannanLewis J. CookPer Fidjestol*Michael J. GarlichKare HjortesetMoh

20、ammad S. KhanJorge L. Quiros Jr.Karl-Heinz ReineckThomas E. SpencerPaul G. TourneySamuel X. YaoConsulting MembersSara B. FinlaysonJames N. ReedSteven W. G. Yee*DeceasedACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construc

21、tion. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all respo

22、nsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall

23、 be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 357.3R-14 was adopted and published October 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by

24、any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.14.9Prestressing systems, p. 104.10Pr

25、estressing anchorages, p. 104.11Prestressing ducts, p. 114.12Grout for bonded prestressing tendons, p. 12CHAPTER 5DURABILTY, p. 125.1General, p. 125.2Exposure zones, p. 125.3Marine durability problems, p. 135.4Concrete mixture design considerations, p. 145.5Protection against corrosion of reinforcem

26、ent, p. 145.6Abrasion resistance, p. 165.7Service life prediction models, p. 17CHAPTER 6SUSTAINABILITY AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS, p. 176.1General, p. 176.2Sustainability for waterfront and coastal concrete structures, p. 176.3Marine environments and their demands on water -front and coastal st

27、ructures, p. 186.4Serviceability requirements, p. 196.5Component replacement, p. 19CHAPTER 7LOADS, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN, p. 197.1Requirements and design criteria, p. 197.2General requirements for loads, p. 197.3Dead loads, p. 197.4Vertical live loads, p. 197.5Horizontal loads, p. 207.6Ice loads, p.

28、207.7Thermal loads, p. 207.8Deformation loads, p. 217.9Seismic loads, p. 217.10Load combinations, p. 217.11Design concepts, p. 217.12Analysis, p. 237.13Design of members, p. 247.14Member design for seismic loads, p. 267.15 Pile design, p. 267.16Consideration of slope deformations, p. 28CHAPTER 8CONS

29、TRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS, p. 288.1General, p. 288.2Environmental and physical constraints, p. 298.3Local construction experience and practice, p. 298.4Construction staging and access, p. 298.5Construction methods, p. 29CHAPTER 9QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTION, p. 319.1Introduction, p. 319.2Quality con

30、trol tests, p. 329.3Inspection, p. 32CHAPTER 10REPAIR, p. 3510.1General, p. 3510.2Strength and durability, p. 3510.3Above-water repairs, p. 3510.4Below-water repairs, p. 36CHAPTER 11REFERENCES, p. 37APPENDIX A, p. 44CHAPTER 1GENERAL1.1IntroductionThe use of properly designed, durable, and sustainabl

31、e concrete is an economical approach to the design of marine structures. Except for some criteria in ACI 357R and special-ized criteria in other ACI guides on durability, there are no comprehensive guidelines or standards that cover the appli-cation of concrete in the marine environment for coastal

32、marine structures. Current building codes and ACI standards do not address the requirements unique to the design of these structures, with the exception of special applications or requirements for piles and concrete durability. This guide provides design guidance for the use of concrete for coastal

33、marine structures, and is intended to complement other design manuals and guides used for this purpose.1.2ScopeThis guide primarily covers marine structures used for berthing marine vessels in protected harbors, and for supporting the associated loads. Structures covered by this guide include pile-s

34、upported platforms, bulkheads, and gravity structures. It is not intended to cover marine struc-tures such as gravity block walls, tunnels, breakwaters, floating structures, or offshore platforms. Emphasis is placed on special considerations for marine concrete and guid-ance for the design and const

35、ruction of marine structures. Because of the severe nature of the marine environment and associated loading conditions, certain recommendations in this report are intended to complement the requirements of ACI 318.Existing design guides are used for basic concepts, load-ings, marine hardware, and ot

36、her criteria that affect the use of concrete in marine structures. There are some compre-hensive manuals that cover functional and structural guide-lines for the design of coastal marine structures (MIL-HDBK-1025 2006; BS 6349-1 to 8; Goda et al. 2009; EAU 2004; Ports, Customs and Free Zone Corporat

37、ion 2007; Werner 1998; FEMA P-55 2011.CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1NotationD = dead loadsE = earthquake loadsEI = flexural stiffnessEs= modulus of elasticity of steelEv= vertical seismic loadAmerican Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WATERFRO

38、NT AND COASTAL CONCRETE MARINE STRUCTURES (ACI 357.3R-14)F = loads due to weight and pressure of fluids with well-defined densities and controllable maximum heightsFa= flood loadH = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materialsI = moment of inertia of an uncracked reinf

39、orced concrete cross sectionL = live loadsLr= roof live loadM = momentR = response modification factor, or rain loadS = snow loadT = cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential and settlementW = wind loadz1= distance between resultants of the internal compres-sive and tensile ti

40、es in strut-and-tie model2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/www.concrete.org/Tools/ConcreteTerminology.aspx. The definitions provided herein compliment that resource.air gapdistance from the underside of the st

41、ructures deck to the datum high water level.arctic structuresfloating or fixed structures for explo-ration and production of oil and gas in ice-infested waters above the Arctic Circle.B-regiona portion of a member where the plane section assumption of flexural theory can be applied.barge-like struct

42、uresa floating vessel with vertical walls and a near-rectangular plan; the bow and stern may be raked or shaped as required.batter actionthe phenomenon that occurs if a horizontal load is applied to a pair of piles connected in an A-frame configuration; one that causes an axial compressive load in t

43、he batter pile and a vertical tension load in the vertical pile of the A-frame.batter pilespiles with a receding upward slope of the outer surface of the pile.berma narrow shelf or ledge typically at the bottom of a slope.coastal structureany facility built in close proximity to the ocean.D-regionTh

44、e portion of a member within a distance h from a force discontinuity or a geometric discontinuity.earthquake-induced liquefactionfor soils, the process of making or becoming a liquid.fixed offshore structuresstructures that are founded on the seabed and obtain their stability from the vertical force

45、s of gravity.floating structuresstructures that are temporally, inter -mittently, or continuously afloat.graving dockanother term for dry dock, which is a rela -tively narrow, long basin, into which a vessel can be floated and the water pumped out, leaving the vessel supported on blocks; used for bu

46、ilding or repairing a vessel below the waterline.gravity structuressee fixed offshore structures.marine growtha term applied to biofouling organisms that attach themselves to marine structures. The organisms are classified as hard or soft fouling types. Hard (Calcar-eous) fouling organisms include b

47、arnacles, encrusting bryo-zoans, mollusks, polychaete and other tube worms, and zebra mussels. Examples of soft (noncalcareous) fouling organisms are seaweed, hydroids, algae, and biofilm “slime.” Together, these organisms form a fouling community that increases the drag forces on the structure from

48、 waves and tides.marine structureany facility built to function in contact with a body of water.mudlinethe top of the soil surface underlying a body of water.offshore concrete structuresfixed reinforced or prestressed concrete, or both reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, for service in d

49、eeper waters far from the shoreline.offshore terminalfacility built far from the shoreline but connected to the shore by roadways or bridges.p-delta analysisanalysis to quantify the changes in ground shear or overturning moment, or through axial force distribution at the base of a structural component, or all of the above, due to a lateral displacement.p-y analysisAnalysis to characterize the lateral load behavior of a single embedded pile.piera platform structure extending from th