1、Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine StructuresReported by ACI Committee 357ACI 357.3R-14First PrintingOctober 2014ISBN: 978-0-87031-937-2Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine StructuresCopyright by the American Concrete In
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11、ports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgWaterfront and coastal concrete marine structures are exposed to severe env
12、ironmental conditions for which concrete is ideally suited. These conditions include wind; waves, including seiches and tsunamis; ice and ship impact; abrasion and impact from floating debris; passing vessel effects; and seismic events. As many of these structures are pile-supported, the seismic loa
13、ding can be critical and, therefore, a discussion of piles and their installation is included in this guide. Also provided are the measures that can be taken to minimize the undesirable effects of these environmental factors and reduce the potential for serious problems.This guide also defines water
14、front and coastal concrete marine structures, discusses materials that can be used to construct them, describes potential durability issues and how to mitigate them, and presents sustainability and serviceability requirements. Design loads, analysis techniques, design methodology, and construction c
15、onsiderations are also presented. Other topics include quality control (QC), above-water and below-water inspection of these structures, and repair of damaged structures. The materials, processes, QC measures, and inspections described in this guide should be tested, monitored, or performed as appli
16、cable only by qualified individuals holding the appropriate ACI certifications or equivalent.Keywords: construction procedures; durability; inspection; marine struc-tures; materials, quality control; serviceability; sustainability; structural analysis; structural design.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1GENERAL, p.
17、21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 2CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 22.1Notation, p. 22.2Definitions, p. 3CHAPTER 3TYPES AND STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS OF CONCRETE MARINE STRUCTURES, p. 43.1General definition, p. 43.2Functional classification, p. 43.3Layout and operational terminology, p. 43.4S
18、tructural configurations, p. 53.5Application of concrete in marine structures, p. 53.6Concrete marine structures in contemporary design practice, p. 5CHAPTER 4MATERIALS, p. 54.1General, p. 54.2Cementitious materials, p. 54.3Aggregates, p. 74.4Water, p. 74.5Chemical admixtures, p. 74.6Concrete, p. 84
19、.7Fibers, p. 84.8Deformed reinforcement, p. 8Domenic DArgenzio, Chair George C. Hoff, SecretaryACI 357.3R-14Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine StructuresReported by ACI Committee 357Mike S. BrannanLewis J. CookPer Fidjestol*Michael J. GarlichKare HjortesetMoh
20、ammad S. KhanJorge L. Quiros Jr.Karl-Heinz ReineckThomas E. SpencerPaul G. TourneySamuel X. YaoConsulting MembersSara B. FinlaysonJames N. ReedSteven W. G. Yee*DeceasedACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construc
21、tion. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all respo
22、nsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall
23、 be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 357.3R-14 was adopted and published October 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by
24、any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.14.9Prestressing systems, p. 104.10Pr
25、estressing anchorages, p. 104.11Prestressing ducts, p. 114.12Grout for bonded prestressing tendons, p. 12CHAPTER 5DURABILTY, p. 125.1General, p. 125.2Exposure zones, p. 125.3Marine durability problems, p. 135.4Concrete mixture design considerations, p. 145.5Protection against corrosion of reinforcem
26、ent, p. 145.6Abrasion resistance, p. 165.7Service life prediction models, p. 17CHAPTER 6SUSTAINABILITY AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS, p. 176.1General, p. 176.2Sustainability for waterfront and coastal concrete structures, p. 176.3Marine environments and their demands on water -front and coastal st
27、ructures, p. 186.4Serviceability requirements, p. 196.5Component replacement, p. 19CHAPTER 7LOADS, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN, p. 197.1Requirements and design criteria, p. 197.2General requirements for loads, p. 197.3Dead loads, p. 197.4Vertical live loads, p. 197.5Horizontal loads, p. 207.6Ice loads, p.
28、207.7Thermal loads, p. 207.8Deformation loads, p. 217.9Seismic loads, p. 217.10Load combinations, p. 217.11Design concepts, p. 217.12Analysis, p. 237.13Design of members, p. 247.14Member design for seismic loads, p. 267.15 Pile design, p. 267.16Consideration of slope deformations, p. 28CHAPTER 8CONS
29、TRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS, p. 288.1General, p. 288.2Environmental and physical constraints, p. 298.3Local construction experience and practice, p. 298.4Construction staging and access, p. 298.5Construction methods, p. 29CHAPTER 9QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTION, p. 319.1Introduction, p. 319.2Quality con
30、trol tests, p. 329.3Inspection, p. 32CHAPTER 10REPAIR, p. 3510.1General, p. 3510.2Strength and durability, p. 3510.3Above-water repairs, p. 3510.4Below-water repairs, p. 36CHAPTER 11REFERENCES, p. 37APPENDIX A, p. 44CHAPTER 1GENERAL1.1IntroductionThe use of properly designed, durable, and sustainabl
31、e concrete is an economical approach to the design of marine structures. Except for some criteria in ACI 357R and special-ized criteria in other ACI guides on durability, there are no comprehensive guidelines or standards that cover the appli-cation of concrete in the marine environment for coastal
32、marine structures. Current building codes and ACI standards do not address the requirements unique to the design of these structures, with the exception of special applications or requirements for piles and concrete durability. This guide provides design guidance for the use of concrete for coastal
33、marine structures, and is intended to complement other design manuals and guides used for this purpose.1.2ScopeThis guide primarily covers marine structures used for berthing marine vessels in protected harbors, and for supporting the associated loads. Structures covered by this guide include pile-s
34、upported platforms, bulkheads, and gravity structures. It is not intended to cover marine struc-tures such as gravity block walls, tunnels, breakwaters, floating structures, or offshore platforms. Emphasis is placed on special considerations for marine concrete and guid-ance for the design and const
35、ruction of marine structures. Because of the severe nature of the marine environment and associated loading conditions, certain recommendations in this report are intended to complement the requirements of ACI 318.Existing design guides are used for basic concepts, load-ings, marine hardware, and ot
36、her criteria that affect the use of concrete in marine structures. There are some compre-hensive manuals that cover functional and structural guide-lines for the design of coastal marine structures (MIL-HDBK-1025 2006; BS 6349-1 to 8; Goda et al. 2009; EAU 2004; Ports, Customs and Free Zone Corporat
37、ion 2007; Werner 1998; FEMA P-55 2011.CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1NotationD = dead loadsE = earthquake loadsEI = flexural stiffnessEs= modulus of elasticity of steelEv= vertical seismic loadAmerican Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WATERFRO
38、NT AND COASTAL CONCRETE MARINE STRUCTURES (ACI 357.3R-14)F = loads due to weight and pressure of fluids with well-defined densities and controllable maximum heightsFa= flood loadH = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materialsI = moment of inertia of an uncracked reinf
39、orced concrete cross sectionL = live loadsLr= roof live loadM = momentR = response modification factor, or rain loadS = snow loadT = cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential and settlementW = wind loadz1= distance between resultants of the internal compres-sive and tensile ti
40、es in strut-and-tie model2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/www.concrete.org/Tools/ConcreteTerminology.aspx. The definitions provided herein compliment that resource.air gapdistance from the underside of the st
41、ructures deck to the datum high water level.arctic structuresfloating or fixed structures for explo-ration and production of oil and gas in ice-infested waters above the Arctic Circle.B-regiona portion of a member where the plane section assumption of flexural theory can be applied.barge-like struct
42、uresa floating vessel with vertical walls and a near-rectangular plan; the bow and stern may be raked or shaped as required.batter actionthe phenomenon that occurs if a horizontal load is applied to a pair of piles connected in an A-frame configuration; one that causes an axial compressive load in t
43、he batter pile and a vertical tension load in the vertical pile of the A-frame.batter pilespiles with a receding upward slope of the outer surface of the pile.berma narrow shelf or ledge typically at the bottom of a slope.coastal structureany facility built in close proximity to the ocean.D-regionTh
44、e portion of a member within a distance h from a force discontinuity or a geometric discontinuity.earthquake-induced liquefactionfor soils, the process of making or becoming a liquid.fixed offshore structuresstructures that are founded on the seabed and obtain their stability from the vertical force
45、s of gravity.floating structuresstructures that are temporally, inter -mittently, or continuously afloat.graving dockanother term for dry dock, which is a rela -tively narrow, long basin, into which a vessel can be floated and the water pumped out, leaving the vessel supported on blocks; used for bu
46、ilding or repairing a vessel below the waterline.gravity structuressee fixed offshore structures.marine growtha term applied to biofouling organisms that attach themselves to marine structures. The organisms are classified as hard or soft fouling types. Hard (Calcar-eous) fouling organisms include b
47、arnacles, encrusting bryo-zoans, mollusks, polychaete and other tube worms, and zebra mussels. Examples of soft (noncalcareous) fouling organisms are seaweed, hydroids, algae, and biofilm “slime.” Together, these organisms form a fouling community that increases the drag forces on the structure from
48、 waves and tides.marine structureany facility built to function in contact with a body of water.mudlinethe top of the soil surface underlying a body of water.offshore concrete structuresfixed reinforced or prestressed concrete, or both reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, for service in d
49、eeper waters far from the shoreline.offshore terminalfacility built far from the shoreline but connected to the shore by roadways or bridges.p-delta analysisanalysis to quantify the changes in ground shear or overturning moment, or through axial force distribution at the base of a structural component, or all of the above, due to a lateral displacement.p-y analysisAnalysis to characterize the lateral load behavior of a single embedded pile.piera platform structure extending from th
