（通用版）2019高考英语二轮复习第一板块阅读理解之题型篇专题一第二讲推理判断题—据文推理慎甄选讲义.doc

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1、1第二讲推理判断题据文推理慎甄选推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意” 。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论。(2)对语段的深层含义进行推理判断。(3)对语段的言外之意进行推理判断。(4)对文段的背景进行推理判断。一、题型特点要知晓(一)推理判断题题干常用词一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from

2、, infer, imply, suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely 等。(二)推理判断题正确选项特征推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：1 “立足原文，只推一步” ，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。2选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如 only, never, all, absolutely 等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如 often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might,

3、 can, could, possibly, probably 等。(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征1曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。2张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。3偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。4无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常

4、识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。5鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。6扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上 almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually 等词语对文意加以2限制。 “扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。二、方法技巧要用好根据所提供的事实和

5、证据得出结论1判定信息源的要素题干特征这类题型的常见提问方式是：By mentioning ., the author indicates that _.The story/example in the second paragraph is meant to _.What can we learn from the . study?What is most likely to .?What can we infer about .?The first two paragraphs suggest that _.Which of the following statements does th

6、e passage support?What does the author think of .?How would the author feel about .?What is special about .?2信息源在不同文体中的查找比对方法这类题型类似于细节理解题，需要考生根据题干的关键词定位到文中相关的事实或者作者提供的证据，理解其含义并得出结论。这类题型的提问方式并不固定，在不同的文体中会有不同的体现，但是通常题干中会提到相关的事例、情节等，解题时应根据题干的提示确定答题方向。议论文关注所举事例的段落的主题句，因为作者举例是为了证明观点，所以寻找主题句就是解题关键。说明文关注文中

7、关于说明对象的关键信息，有时候信息不一定在某一段出现，可能出现在不同的段落，需要细心查找，再进行组合，综合考虑得出结论。科技说明文通常是考查对文中某个调查、实验、例子或数据的理解，根据题干中的信息定位到文中相关信息，读懂调查或实验的目的和结果非常关键。记叙文大多会涉及事情的结局、某种情况的原因等，解题的关键是读懂故事情节，理清事情发展态势，关注细节。做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位。3例 (2018全国卷阅读 D 节选)We may think

8、were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置 ) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy tha

9、n the newer ones that do the same things.32What does the author think of new devices?AThey are environmentfriendly.BThey are no better than the old.CThey cost more to use at home.DThey go out of style quickly.解题示范What does the author think of：作者态度题干信息new devices：新设备文体特点 科技说明文：一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。原文查找 That

10、s bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(consume much more energy)旧设备不利于环境保护(bad news for the environment)信息整合旧设备更浪费钱财(our wallets)信息推断 上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(than the newer ones)得出的结论，故新设备可以

11、克服以上缺点。A新设备是环保的(They are environmentfriendly)；属于正确信息推断。B新设备并不比旧设备好(They are no better than the old)；属于“无中生有”型错误。C新设备在家中使用的费用更高(They cost more to use at home)；属于“无中生有”型错误。选项分析D新设备很快就过时了(They go out of style quickly)；属于“曲解文意”型错误。得出结论 由以上信息分析可知，A 项正确。4对语段的深层含义进行推理判断1据题干特点初步断定推理类型对语段的深层含义推断能力的考查常常结合文中的细

12、节进行设问，提问方式主要有：It can be inferred from the text that _.According to ., we can infer that _.From the text we can learn/conclude that _.What can we learn from the last paragraph?这类题干常含有 infer, suggest, imply, conclude, learn 等关键词，干扰项的设置通常是文中直接用于说明细节的信息，无关紧要或片面推出的结论，与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理、不合逻辑的结论等。考生在做此类题目

13、时，很容易误选说明直接信息的选项或片面结论项，一般是因为未能做出正确推断或未能把握文章深层含义所致。2深层推断 5 注意(1)严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推断，切忌掺杂自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。(2)有些选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。(3)注意文中的虚拟语气和情态动词，这些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。(4)有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，考生阅读时如果主观地进行推断就容易出错。如文中提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。(5)某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。例 (2018全国卷阅读 D 节选)Weve

14、all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.32What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?AAddiction to smartphones.BInappropriate behaviours

15、in public places.CAbsence of communication between strangers.DImpatience with slow service.解题示范细研题干定题型 由题干可知本题是对文章局部(第一段)进行深层理解的考查。5地点 公共场合：电梯中；在银行排队中；飞机上细读语段明大意人物 专注地盯着自己的手机；苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中A 项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容。B 项，文中提及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。细研干扰项D 项在原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。甄别选项定答案断定答案该段提到在公共场合中，周

16、围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象。故选择 C 项。,对语段的言外之意进行推理判断1 “言外之意”题的三种提问方式有时作者使用某些字、词、句，不是要表达字面意思，而是有深层意义，即通常所说的“言外之意” 。阅读理解常涉及这一类题型，提问方式有：When the writer talks about ., what he/she really means is _.By “.”， the writer suggests that _.What does the underlined sentenc

17、e “.” in Paragraph . indicate?“言外之意”常用来表达作者对事情的看法和态度，作者的措辞表达的并不是字面上的意思，想要表达的可能是另外一层、甚至相反的意思。这类题目常用于考查对夹叙夹议类文章的理解。2 “言外之意”题的两种题型第一种题型类似于词义猜测题，题干会明确指出文中的某句话或某段文字，问作者通过这些语句想表达什么。这种题型一定要关注这部分的上下文，根据上下文理解其含义。第二种题型常常是考查作者对某个事件的态度和想法，这种题型一定要关注作者叙述时的口吻。有时作者描述自己某种并不愉快但又搞笑的经历来娱乐读者，是一种自嘲；有时作者以貌似调侃的口吻描述对某种社会现象进

18、行抨击；有时作者描述某个或几个事件表达自己的情感，可能是不满、讽刺或感激等。这两种题型，解题的关键都是要把握文章主旨，正确选项一定是与文章主旨紧密相关的。例 1 I began reading words when I was eight months old. By the time I was two, I had read Charlottes Web. My parents thought it was odd, but because I didnt have any siblings for them to compare me with, they didnt realize j

19、ust how odd.62 At preschool in Northport, New York, I quickly overtook everyone. At seven, I was going into high school for my classes but still doing all my social activities with kids my age. But when I was nine, the public school administration said that I had to go to high school fulltime with 1

20、6yearolds. I didnt want to, because some kids there were always teasing me. It was pretty horrible when they called me a knowitall and tried to grab my homework.3 My parents tried to find me another school but, in the end, because I was so advanced, the only place that was on the same level as me wa

21、s State University of New York at Stony Brook.4 The admissions people said that if I thought I could manage I could have a place, as long as my mother accompanied me to classes.5 So, aged 10, I started an undergraduate degree in applied mathematics. I was frightened on my first day, but I was also e

22、xcited that I was going to attend my first real physics class. Most of the teachers were nice but one or two didnt like me. One professor said that just because I did as well as the other male students, it didnt mean I was as good as them. But the students were supportive and my parents always made

23、sure that I had a group of friends of my own age; they didnt want me to be a social misfit.6 I graduated summa cum laude (with the highest honor) when I was 14 the youngest student ever to do so in the US.7 I was a perfectionist; I dont think I would have settled for less than that. I went on to Dre

24、xel University and, at 17, I was awarded a Masters and continued to study for a PhD.8 But_that_was_when_I_grew_disillusioned_with_the_science_world. I saw bad conduct and realised that some professors werent motivated by a love of science. I fell out with the adviser who was supervising my PhD. I ch

25、arged Drexel University in a civil lawsuit and the case has now gone into private, binding arbitration (仲裁)9 I believe my adviser applied for grants and patents using my ideas, and took credit for them. He denies this and has accused me of stealing his work. Even though the university has cleared me

26、 of plagiarism (剽窃) it has still refused to award me my PhD.10 At the time I was fully expecting to receive my PhD, I applied for a post teaching advanced technology fusion at Konkuk University in Seoul. When I 7was appointed, I was just under 19, so I made it into Guinness World Records.11 In South

27、 Korea, I was treated as a minor celebrity. People stared at me wherever I went on campus, and I was asked to give inspirational talks to teenagers. But I didnt renew my contract: Id had a great year, but I wanted to come home.12 I still dont have my PhD and I am angry and disappointed about that. I

28、 worked so hard all my life and my research ended up going nowhere.13 Theres always hope, but the experience at Drexel has derailed me. If a university gave me a place to complete my studies, I would take it. But I am someone who is suing her former university, so a lot of colleges are afraid to tou

29、ch me.14 For now, Im enrolled in law school and training to be a lawyer. I want to combine legal and science knowledge so that I can protect peoples research rights.15 Its strange being back at school: Im 21 years old and for the first time in my life, Im the same age as the other students.1The unde

30、rlined sentence “But that was when I grew disillusioned with the science world.” suggests that the author _.Afelt disappointed with what some scientists doBgrew old enough to be a scientistCwas treated as a real scientistDbecame motivated by a love of science解题示范细研题干定题型由题干可知，该题属于第一种题型，类似词义猜测题。通读全文定基

31、调细读出处推答案读画线部分的上下文，尤其是下文中“I saw bad conduct .binding arbitration (仲裁) ”提到她发现学校里不好的做法，意识到有些教授不是出于对科学的热爱，所以感到失望，故选 A 项。2How does the writer feel when she was writing this passage?8AProud and frustrated.BExcited and angry.CCalm and satisfied.DExcited and disappointed.解题示范细研题干定题型由题干可知，该题属于第二种题型，需要通过作者的描述

32、和措词来推断作者态度。关注细节1.关注几个年龄段2.关注第六段“highest”和“youngest”再次凸显自豪之情3.关注第八段中作者的挫折开始失望4.关注第十二段中作者因未拿到博士学位而“angry”和“disappointed”遭遇不顺利5.关注第十五段用词， “21 岁”又和“同龄人”一起学法律无奈挫败感确定答案由以上可看出作者在字里行间对自己天赋的一种肯定和自豪，同时也有着一连串的挫折和无奈，故选 A 项。对文段的背景进行推理判断1三种提问方式文章的写作背景是指所描述的事件发生的背景等，如文章的出处、事件发生的特定环境或原因等。这类题目要求能根据文中关键细节和细节之间的逻辑关系对相

33、关背景进行推理判断，常见的三种提问方式有：In which section of the newspaper would you most probably find this passage?The . above is probably provided by .From which is the text probably taken?2解题关键这类题目常以文章出处为命题方式，要求通过阅读文章内容来推断文章的写作背景。理解文章的写作目的、作者的措辞、语气和文章所涉及的具体内容等是这类题的解题关键。以环保类文章为例：(1)如果作者的目的是呼吁人们保护环境，措词比较主观，而语气以激励吸引为主

34、，这样的文章往往会出现在报纸上，也许会是某个环保活动的广告；(2)如果是为了说明某个方面存在的问题，措辞比较严谨客观，语调较严肃，那么文章很可能出现在比较正式的媒体上，很可能出现在关于社会问题的版块上；9(3)如果是为了告诉读者有关新发现，在文中提到了调查研究及其结果，则文章很可能出现在报纸或杂志的科学发现版块上。注意 一定要关注文章的措词、语气和写作目的，仅关注文章大意是不够的。例 (2018全国卷阅读 B)1Many of us love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abun

35、dance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.2Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have

36、 much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.3Whe

37、n combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If y

38、ou like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.4If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “s

39、oftserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.27From which is the text probably taken?AA biology textbook. BA health magazine.CA r

40、esearch paper. DA travel brochure.解题示范细研题干定题型文章出处题。文章内容本文介绍了丰收的七月给我们带来的多种浆果和核果，并告诉我们这些果实富含的营养成分和可以制作成各种美食。10文章语气第一段介绍了七月是水果丰富的季节；第二段介绍了各种莓类所含的营养成分；第三、四段介绍各种水果搭配的食用方法。在这一过程中作者使用了客观的语气，通俗易懂的方法，形象地说明了水果搭配的技巧。确定答案本文是向大众介绍饮食方法，跟健康有关，应该出自健康杂志。所以 B 项正确。三、系统归纳谨记牢推理判断题除因题型不同，解题方法稍有不同外，其推理判断的原则是一致的，那就是依据原文，合理

41、推断、适度推断，而不是妄加推断、过度推断。无论何种类型推断题，其推断的出发点是一致的，均应该掌握以下技巧和防范以下错误。推断 6 技巧技巧 1 理解通篇大意，把握写作意图做推理判断题时，考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子。对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。技巧 2 关注特定措辞，推断作者态度作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨、反对、批评、怀疑、悲观、客观、中立。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文

42、章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。技巧 3 利用语境褒贬，进行逻辑推断几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图。因此，考生阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子，掌握文章主旨大意，了解人物的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断。技巧 4 抓住有效信息，逆向或正向推理逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反，它是由结论出发，去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据。做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断，利用逆向思维或正面推

43、理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。技巧 5 结合已知常识，进行逻辑推理阅读理解命题通常源于材料，略高于材料，但一般不会离开所给材料。但有时，命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题。如果考生忽略了常识或不知道这一常识，这样的命题就很难处理。11技巧 6 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品有服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖、时效性强。谨防 4 失误解答推理判断题一定要忠实于原文，

44、以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，即立足已知，推断未知，不能主观臆想，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。推理判断题难度大，主要在于它的干扰项极具迷惑性，极易转移考生视线，使他们掉入陷阱。考生常出现的典型错误有：张冠李戴命题人把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，粗心的考生往往会不知不觉地中了圈套。以偏概全考生做题往往忽略了文章的主体，把注意力过度集中在某一点，最终得出“以偏概全”的结论。浮于表面每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是娱乐读者，或是阐述某个观点。这些信息通常以叙述的形式展现出来，作者并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄。但是许多考生会分不清现象与本

45、质，把现象等同于作者的意图。推己及人很多时候作者的态度倾向一般不会明确表明，往往隐含其中。考生易脱离原文而进行主观臆断，用自己的观点代替作者的观点。课堂应用体验 AAccording to a recent study published in Journal of Consumer Research, many people believe that healthy food must be more expensive than unhealthy food. In fact, the studys researchers found that a high price tag will

46、even convince consumers that a certain food is healthful.According to Rebecca Reczek, coauthor of the study, the purpose of the study was to examine a_popular_belief. Sometimes the belief can be true: Organic produce and wildcaught seafood typically cost more money. But other times, the nutritional

47、value of food ranks all the same.In one experiment, Reczeks team gave a group of participants a new food product called “granola bites”. Some participants were told the product was very healthy. Other participants were told the bites had little nutritional 12value. Participants who were told the gra

48、nola bites were good for them rated the snack as more expensive than the participants who thought the bites were unhealthy.In another experiment, participants were given a health food bar labeled as “the healthiest protein bar on the planet”. Some participants were told the bar cost just 0.99, other

49、s were told the bar was 4. And heres what happened: The people who were given the “cheaper” bar needed to read a lot more reviews about the product when it was priced at a lower price point in order to trust that it was healthy.The idea that we all believe healthy food needs to be more expensive works against us.