(江苏专用)2020版高考英语新增分大一轮复习语法专题全辑专题十四名词讲义牛津译林版.doc
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1、1专题十四 名词名词的核心考点1.可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如:means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,works(工厂),cattle。(2)合成名词的复数。如:boy-friendboy-friends,go-betweengo-betweens(中间人),grown-upgrown-ups。(3)有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses 眼镜,clothes 衣服,goods 货物,trousers 裤子,belongings 所有物,wages 工资,riches 财富,surroundings 环
2、境,ashes 灰尘,compasses 圆规,cattle 家畜,congratulations 祝贺,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits 以很高热情地,give ones regards to sb. 向某人问候,in rags 衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth. 有礼貌做某事。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people,cattle,police;有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery,furniture,mankind,jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看
3、作整体,复数看作集体的各个成员。如:The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2.不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。2抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词,可数名词)in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success 获得成功 a success 一个 (件)成功的人(事)win honour 赢得荣誉 an honour 引
4、起尊敬的人(事)failure 失败 a failure 失败者by experience 靠经验 an experience 一次经历with pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 乐事抽象名词与 a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim,bath,talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She ma
5、de an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。物质名词有形或数的相应物体时,有单、复数。如:some coffee 一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees 三杯咖啡,some drink 一些饮料,a drink 一杯饮料,three drinks 三杯饮料,his hair 他的头发,a few grey hairs 几根白发,glass 玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。3.名词所有格“s”所有格的特殊表示形式有:(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重
6、量等的名词后,如:todays newspaper,five minutes walk(drive),five pounds weight,ten dollars worth of coffee。(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:the worlds population,Chinas industry,New Yorks parks。4.名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。(1)分类意义。air pollution 空气污染 boy friend 男朋友coffee cup 咖啡杯 body language 身体语言ro
7、ad accident 交通事故 the Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖(2)时间、地点、称呼等。Doctor Jack 杰克医生 Professor Li 李教授3evening school 夜校 winter sleep 冬眠(3)表目的、手段、来源、所属意义。reception desk 接待台 sports field 田径场stone table 石桌 color TV 彩电5.几组常考名词辨析(1)cause,reason,excusecause 是造成某种客观事实或现象的原因,后接介词 of;reason 是说明一种看法或行为的理由,后接介词 for;excuse 是“借口、
8、辩解”的意思。Carelessness is the cause of the accident.The reason for her coming late was that her car broke down on the way.Late again! Whats your excuse of this time?(2)sight,view,scene,scenerysight 指“景色”时为可数名词,往往指眼见的景色,如供人游览的“美景”或“名胜” ,尤指人工制成的景色。Come and see the sights of London.view 通常指自然景色,或指从远处或高处看到
9、的景观、景物。We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tower.scene 所表达的景色常是 scenery 的一部分,常指自然景色,也可指舞台的场景、现实生活中的场景、场面、情景。The sunrise is a beautiful scene.I was touched by the happy scene.scenery 指某地总的自然风景或景色,尤指美丽的乡间景色,是不可数名词。The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.(3)awa
10、rd,reward两者既可作名词也可作动词。award 用作名词时,意为“奖品” 、 “奖金” ,用作动词时,常用于 award sth. to sb. 中;reward 作名词时,意为“报酬” 、 “奖励” 、 “报答” ,用作动词时,常用于 reward sb. for sth. 。He won the first award in the singing contest.He received a reward of $ 900 from the police for catching the criminal.(4)habit,custom,customshabit 指个人在长时间内逐
11、渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为和习惯;custom 则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗” 、 “习惯” ;customs 为复数名词,意思是“关税” 、 “进口税” ,当首字母大写并与 the 连用时表示“海关”的意思。题组训练4选词填空reach, cause, custom, reward, point, tradition, view, panic1.“Tommy,run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted,with clearly panic in her voice.2.Theres a tradit
12、ion in our office that when its somebodys birthday,they bring in a cake for us all to share.3.Whats the point,in your opinion,of helping him if he doesnt make an effort to help himself?4.The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major cause of global climate change.5.The ca
13、t jumped away,out of his reach.6.We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.7.How can I reward you for your help?8.Social customs vary greatly from country to country.1.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the youve made.(2018江苏,32)A.assignment B.associationC.ac
14、quisition D.assumption答案 D解析 句意为:努力弄明白实际正在发生的事情,而不是按照你做出的假设去行动。D 项assumption 意为“假设” ,符合语境。youve made 是定语从句,修饰 assumption,make an assumption 意为“做出假设” 。assignment 任务,作业;association 联系;acquisition 获得,得到。2.The that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore
15、the outer space.(2018天津,6)A.advice B.orderC.possibility D.invitation答案 C解析 句意为:在宇宙的其他星球上存在着生命,这一可能性一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。possibility 意为“可能性” ,符合语境,故选 C。advice 建议;order 命令,秩序;invitation 邀请,请柬。53.Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full,definitely.(2016江苏,24)A.recipe B.
16、recordC.range D.receipt答案 A解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:您能告诉我们您幸福与长寿的秘诀吗?确切地说,是充实地过好每一天。根据答语可知,此处问的是幸福与长寿的秘诀。recipe 秘诀,诀窍,符合句意。record 记录;range 范围;receipt 收据,均不符合题意。4.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight of rain later tonight.(2016天津,10)A.effect B.senseC.change D.chance答案 D解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:天气预
17、报说多云,今天夜间下雨的可能性不大。chance意为“可能性” ,符合语境。effect 结果,效应;sense 感觉,理解力;change 变化,改变。5.Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave.Id like to,but Im afraid she wont be happy with my .(2015江苏,35)A.requests B.excusesC.apologies D.regrets答案 C解析 句意为:去向你妈妈道歉,戴夫。我想去,但我担心她对我的道歉不满意。request 要求,请求;excuse 理由,借口;apology 道歉,致歉;re
18、gret 懊悔,遗憾。根据前面的“say sorry”可知选 C 项。6.One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015浙江,15)A.production B.stressC.energy D.power答案 B解析 考查名词辨析。句意为:减少压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈你的感受。6stress 压力,紧张,符合语境。production 生产,制作,产品;energy 精力,活力,干劲;power 权力,势力,影响力。7.When he
19、 was running after his brother,the boy lost his and had a bad fall.(2015湖北,21)A.balance B.chanceC.memory D.place答案 A解析 句意为:当这个男孩追赶哥哥的时候,他失去了平衡,狠狠地摔了一跤。根据句中的had a bad fall 可知,这个男孩之所以摔倒是因为失去了平衡,lose ones balance 意为“失去平衡” 。chance 机会;memory 记忆;place 地方。8.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give
20、it some and then let me know.(2015安徽,30)A.thought B.supportC.protection D.authority答案 A解析 考查名词辨析。句意为:现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。思考一下,然后让我知道。 thought 思想,思考;support 支持,维持,支援,供养;protection 保护,防卫;authority 权威,权力,当局。9.The failure was a big to him,but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015福建,2
21、4)A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor答案 A 解析 句意为:这次失败对他来说是一次不小的冲击,但是他没有气馁,很快就变得和以往一样有热情了。blow 打击,痛击,符合语境。issue 问题;excuse 借口;factor 因素。10.Her for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.(2014湖北,21)A.motivation B.qualificationC.talent D.technique答案 A解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:她写作的动机是希望女性
22、获得接受高等教育的权利。motivation 动机,目的,符合句意。qualification 资格,资历;talent 天才,天赋;technique 技能,技巧。711.We most prefer to say yes to the of someone we know and like.(2014浙江,6)A.attempts B.requestsC.doubts D.promises答案 B解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:我们大都更愿意答应我们所了解和喜欢的人的请求。request 请求,要求,符合句意。attempt 尝试;doubt 怀疑;promise 保证,承诺。12.Cou
23、ld you tell me the of making such tasty cakes?Well,I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014福建,26)A.feature B.planC.cost D.trick答案 D 解析 句意为:你能告诉我制作如此美味的蛋糕的诀窍吗?哦,我只是按照烹饪书上的说明来做的。feature 特征,特点;plan 计划;cost 费用;trick 技巧。13.Why not buy a second-hand car first if you dont have enough money for a
24、new one?Thats a good .(2014安徽,29)A.saying B.questionC.suggestion D.account答案 C解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:如果你的钱不够买辆新车,你为什么不先买辆二手车呢?那是个好建议。suggestion 建议,提议,符合句意。saying 谚语,格言;question 问题;account 陈述,报告,账户。14.Carbon dioxide,which makes a between us and the sun,prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily
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