（江苏专用）2020版高考英语新增分大一轮复习语法专题全辑专题十一介词和介词短语讲义牛津译林版.doc

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1、1专题十一 介词和介词短语介词和介词短语的核心考点介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如 at，in，for等；合成介词，如 within，inside，onto，throughout 等；短语介词，如 according to，out of，because of，by means of，in spite of，instead of 等；双重介词，如from behind/above/under，until after 等；分词介词，如considering，including，judgi

2、ng (from/by) 等。 1.介词搭配(1)“动词介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb. of sth. /clear the road of snow(表示“夺去、除去”意义的动词与 of 连用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与 with连用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作、制造”意义的动词与 of，from，into 连用)介词the部位与动

3、词的关系(动词sb. s部位，可换用)strike him on the head(表示“击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与 on 连用)catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与 by 连用)hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器官名词与 in 连用)prevent(stop，keep)sb. from doing sth. (表示“阻止，禁止”意义的动词与2from 连用)persuade(advise，warn)sb. into doing sth. (表示 “说服；建议；警告”意义的动词与 into 连用)buy

4、(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth. for sb. (表示“得失”意义的动词与for 连用)tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth. to sb. (表示“告知”意义的动词与 to 连用)give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth. to sb. (表示“授予”意义的动词与 to连用)注意：可换成 buy sb. sth. ，tell sb. sth. ，give sb. sth. 双宾结构。say to sb. (suggest， explain，apologize，murmur ，whisper 等与“对象

5、”连用必须用 to)不可说 suggest sb. sth. 。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter 回信，sing(dance) to the music 和唱(跳)，amount to 达到，加起来有，devote to 把贡献给，drink to 为干杯，object to 反对，look forward to 渴望，come to 苏醒，belong to 属于，search for 搜，ask for 请求，use.for 用作，leave for 前往，take.for 误以为，call for 要求，wait for 等待，care fo

6、r 喜欢，make up for 弥补损失，turn to 求助/救于，help oneself to 随意，agree to 同意，compare.to 把比作，send for 派人去请/拿，sail for 驶向，起航，set out for 动身去，go in for 爱好(3)常见“形容词介词”搭配。be worthy of 值得的，glad about sth. for sb. 为某人某事高兴，far from 离远，grateful to sb. for sth. 为某事感激某人，free from 没有/免除，proud of/take pride in 自豪，satisfie

7、d with/by 满意，sure of/about 确信，fond of 喜欢，fit for 适合，busy with sth. /in doing sth. 忙着干某事，full of 充满，ready for准备，similar to 相似，wrong with 不对；有毛病(4)“名词介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。Error!Error!his absence Error!the way Error!题组训练 1用适当的介词填空1.Our opinions on language learning differ greatly from each others in that 3resp

8、ect.2.Our teacher often asks us to retell stories in our own words.3.Ive promised to keep it secret，so I cant really tell you anything beyond what you know already.4.With time passing by，they have grown into big boys and big girls.5.What was the cause of the fire?2.核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词 in 的用法如下。表示在

9、某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词 in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。注意：at night/at noon，in the day(在白天)，in the night(在夜间)。in

10、 five days(weeks，months，years)中 in 意思是“在以后” 。(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用 on。on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但 at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Childrens Dayon March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening)of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rain

11、y night，on warm winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用 at，如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at sixat noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15，at the time of war(但 in time of danger/trouble)注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。next day，last Sunday，that morning，these yearsone，each，any，every，some，all 修饰时，一般不用介词

12、，如 some day，one day，all afternoon。(4)till，until 的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用 to).注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用 till 而用 until。4Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.(5)in，later，afterin一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般

13、将来时连用；但表示“在之内”时，用于各种时态。一段时间later(later 是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after一段时间：表示“在之后” ，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用 after，即 after点时间，用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外

14、，in一段时间stime 与 within一段时间的用法如下：in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表语)Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在之内”)(6)地点介词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。at 在较小的场所；in 在较大的

15、场所；on 在的平面上。如 at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall 等。on，at，in，off 还可以表示两地的相对位置。若 A 地属于 B 地，用 in；A 地位于 B地的外面且有边缘衔接，用 on；无边缘的衔接，用 to；A 在 B 附近，用 off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(

16、范围之内)Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)across 在物体表面“穿过” ；through 则表示在三维空间内部“穿过” 。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over，above 译作“在之上” ；under，below 译作“在的下面” ，其区别在于 over，under 表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而 above，below 则

17、表示一般的“高于”5或“低于” ，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下” 。A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线).The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词by the year/hour/day 按年/小时/天。如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour).(按 bythe单位名称，但 to the pound 按磅算，to the

18、 ton 按吨计)。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail 邮寄，by telephone(radio)(但 on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity 用电，by machinery 用机器，by hard work，learn sth. by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicyc

19、le，on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外：by means of 用方法，by way of 经由，取道于；用方法，with the help(permission) of sb. /with sb. s help(permission)。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具/机器)One smells with his nose.(with人体器官，但 by hand 手工，用手)He stood up with pr

20、ide.(with情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用 in。如：in English(ink，pencil)。另外如：in high(good，low)spirits，in anger，in joy，in comfort，in sorrow，in safety，in danger，in need，in debt，in love，in fun，in pain，in tears，in surprise，in good(poor) health，in good order，in flower，in a way，in a low voice，in silence，in(with)

21、satisfaction，in a hurry， in(with) words，live/feed on food，kneel on ones knee，take(catch) sb. by surprise(出其不意)(8)表示“除之外”的常用词。besides 除以外(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况” 。We all went to the cinema besides Shaw.6It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.except 除去，除之外(不再有)。We all went except John.在否定句中

22、，两词可以换用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for 除了( 对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明 )，后接名词、代词或what 从句，此时与“except that句子”意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but 与 exceptbut 和 except 在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：(A)前面有不

23、定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用 but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用 but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有 do，后省 to)(C)but 与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth. 只得做某事，can not but do sth. 不得不，can not help but do sth. 不得不，but for.若不是(9)between 与 amongbetween 通常指两者之间，

24、也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among

25、 表示三者以上之间。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)London is among the largest cities.(one of 与最高级连用)(10)表原因的介词 for，because of，due to。7He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for

26、 his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.(11)不定式复合结构中的 for，of。这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是 for 或 of 加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：两句中的 of 和 for 的使用，表语形容词

27、能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用 of，如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用 for。(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。after，since，till/until，before 这些词既是介词，又是连词。The children went home at once after school.(介词)They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词)in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond 等介词可兼作副词。He ran down the hill.(介词)Can you lift tha

28、t box down from the shelf for me？(副词)有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。All the students got to school before me.(介词)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)Havent I seen you before？(副词)(13)介词的省略。某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.(1

29、4)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。要求接 to 的名词有：key，answer，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road 等。The key to success is preparation.要求接 in 的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert 等。He is an expert in teaching little children.题组训练 28短语填空on the contrary， for the benefit of， in time， out of place， in favour of1.China has b

30、een pushing the reform of public hospitals for the benefit of all its citizens.2.The furniture，with its modern style and bright colors，suits modern houses and their gardens，but looks out of place in the garden of a traditional home.3.Thank God youre safe!I stepped back，just in time to avoid the raci

31、ng car.4.It wasnt a good thing；on the contrary，it was a huge mistake.5.When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside in favour of younger men.1.Chinas soft power grows the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.(2018江苏，33

32、)A.in line with B.in reply toC.in return for D.in honour of答案 A解析 句意为：中国的软实力在增长，这与中国在全球范围内得到越来越多的欣赏和理解是一致的。in line with 意为“与一致” ，符合语境。in reply to 回复，答复；in return for 作为对的回报；in honour of 为了向表示尊敬。2.Bob thought he couldnt go to the party because he had to write a report，but he went .(2018天津，11)A.at fir

33、st B.after allC.above all D.at random答案 B解析 句意为：鲍勃以为他不能去参加聚会了，因为他得写一份报告，但他最终还是去了。after all 意为“毕竟，最终，终究” ，符合语境，故选 B。at first 起初，最初；above all 首先，最重要的是；at random 任意地，漫无目的地。3.Determining where we are our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.(2017江苏，32)A.in contrast to B.in defense of

34、9C.in face of D.in relation to答案 D解析 句意为：通过对比我们周围的环境来确定我们的位置是我们生存的一项重要技能。结合句意可知，这里用 in relation to“相对某事物而言” 。in contrast to 与相比；in defense of 保卫，为辩护；in face of 面对。4.Many people who live along the coast make a living fishing industry.(2017北京，35)A.at B.in C.on D.by答案 B解析 句意为：很多住在海边的人们靠渔业为生。 “在行业”用介词 i

35、n。此题容易忽视fishing 后的名词 industry，以为是靠捕鱼这种方式而错选 D 项。5.We offer an excellent education to our students. ，we expect students to work hard.(2017天津，13)A.On average B.At bestC.In return D.After all答案 C解析 句意为：我们向学生提供优质的教育，同时也希望学生努力学习。in return 作为报酬，作为回报，符合语境。on average 平均来看；at best 充其量，至多；after all 毕竟，终究。6.Wh

36、en you drive through the Redwood Forests in California，you will be trees that are over 1,000 years old.(2017天津，12)A.among B.againstC.behind D.below答案 A解析 句意为：当你驾车穿过加利福尼亚的红杉林时，你会置身在那些树龄超过 1 000 年的树木之间。among 在当中，为所围绕，符合语境。against 以为背景，衬托；behind 在后面；below 在下面。7.That young man is honest，cooperative，alwa

37、ys there when you need his help. ，hes reliable.(2016浙江，6)A.Or else B.In shortC.By the way D.For one thing答案 B解析 句意为：那个年轻人诚实而且善于合作，总是在你需要帮助的时候出现。总之，他是10可靠的。or else 否则，要不然；in short 总之，简言之；by the way 顺便说一下；for one thing 一方面。 根据句意可知答案为 B。8.The study suggests that the cultures we grow up influence the ba

38、sic processes by which we see the world around us.(2016浙江，7)A.on B.inC.at D.about答案 B解析 考查介词。句意为：该项研究表明，我们成长的文化环境会影响我们看我们周围的世界的基本过程。in the cultures 在的文化中，为固定搭配，故选 B。9.The dictionary is ：many words have been added to the language since it was published.(2016天津，2)A.out of control B.out of dateC.out of

39、 sight D.out of reach答案 B解析 考查“out of名词”型介词短语辨析。句意为：这部词典过时了：自从它出版以来，这门语言已增添了许多单词。out of date 过时，符合语境。out of control 失控；out of sight 看不见；out of reach 够不着。10.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around Thomas Edison.(2015江苏，34)A.thanks to B.regardless ofC.aside from D.but for答案 D解析 考查介词

40、短语辨析。句意为：如果没有托马斯爱迪生的话，我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。thanks to 幸亏，由于；regardless of 不管，不顾；aside from 除了，除以外；but for 要不是，如果没有的话。11.Most people work because its unavoidable. ，there are some people who actually enjoy work.(2015浙江，10)A.As a result B.In additionC.By contrast D.In conclusion答案 C解析 考查介词短语辨析。句意为：大多数人工作是

41、因为无法避免， 也有一些人确实喜欢工作。根据语境可知，此处表示前后对比。by contrast 相比之下，符合语境。as a 11result 结果；in addition 另外，此外；in conclusion 总之。12.A common memory they all have their school days is the school uniform.(2015福建，22)A.of B.on C.to D.with答案 A解析 考查介词的用法。句意为：他们对校园岁月的共同记忆就是校服。本句使用了 have a memory of 这一搭配，含义为“对的记忆” 。13.Have yo

42、u ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea？(2015浙江，3)A.about B.to C.with D.over答案 B解析 考查固定搭配。句意为：你听说过是海陆两栖动物栖息地的树吗？be home to 为固定搭配，意为“是的栖息地，是的家园” 。14.Facing up to your problems running away from them is the best approach to working things out.(2014浙江，12)A.more than B.rath

43、er thanC.along with D.or rather答案 B解析 结合短语意义辨析考查语境选词。句意为：勇于面对你的问题 逃避它们是解决事情的最好办法。more than 多于，不仅仅是，非常；rather than 而不是；along with跟一起；or rather 更确切地说。由语境可知，此处表示“面对问题而不是(rather than)逃避问题” 。15.Check carrots，potatoes，onions and any other vegetables and immediately use or throw away any which show signs o

44、f rotting.(2014湖北，30)A.in demand B.in storeC.on loan D.on sale答案 B解析 考查介词短语辨析。句意为：查看一下储存的胡萝卜、土豆、洋葱及其他蔬菜，然后把任何有腐烂迹象的立即用掉或扔掉。 in store 储存，符合句意。in demand 需要；on loan 借款；on sale 在出售。16.It is unbelievable that Mr.Lucas leads a simple life his great wealth.(2014江西，33)A.without B.despite12C.in D.to答案 B解析 考查

45、介词词义辨析。without 没有，要不是；despite 尽管；in 在里面；to 到，向，对于。句意为：真是难以相信啊！尽管 Lucas 先生有很多钱，但他还过着如此简朴的生活。根据句意说明上下文之间存在着转折关系，选项中只有 B 项与之相符。17.Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence. ，it could just put you in debt.(2014江西，25)A.In other words B.All in allC.As a result D.On the

46、other hand答案 D解析 考查介词短语辨析。句意为：自己做生意也许是获得经济独立的一个方法；另一方面，它也可能让你负债。in other words 换句话说；all in all 总的说来；as a result 结果；on the other hand 另一方面。根据句意说明这是一件事情的两个方面，所以 D 项符合。18.Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves half an hour.(2014北京，23)A.by B.in C.for D.until答案 B解析 考查介词。句意为：Jane 很着急，因

47、为去机场的火车半小时后出发。leave(离开)用一般现在时表示按照时刻表将要发生的动作，in half an hour 半个小时以后，与将来的动作连用，符合题意。19.The Scottish girl blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.(2014陕西，14)A.by B.of C.in D.with答案 D解析 考查介词。句意为：在第五届汉语演讲比赛中，那位蓝眼睛的苏格兰女孩赢得了第一名。with blue eyes 作后置定语，修饰 the Scottish girl。with 表示“有，拥有

48、(某种特征或所有物)” ，符合题意。20.She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went the road.(2014重庆，7)A.on B.along C.from D.off答案 D13解析 考查介词。句意为：她驾车在拐弯处开得太快，汽车几乎要冲出公路。off 意为“偏离，离开” ，符合题意。1.Whats the main reason for choosing one restaurant another?Just the service.A.against B.beyondC.over D.after答案 C解析 句意为：你选择这家餐馆，而不是另一家餐馆的主要原因是什么？仅仅因为服务。over 在此强调比较的概念，意为“胜过，比更好” 。故选 C 项。2.We really emphasize the importance of putting safeguards to prevent childrens identities from falling in bad peoples hands.(2018苏锡常镇四市一调，12)A.in place B.in vainC.in question D.in earnest答案 A解析 句意为：我们非常强调保护措施布置到位的重要性，以防止儿童的身份落入坏