（江苏专用）2020版高考英语新增分大一轮复习语法专题全辑专题八主谓一致和特殊句式讲义牛津译林版.doc

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1、1专题八 主谓一致和特殊句式主谓一致的核心考点1.就近一致原则(1)由 or，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.，not.but.等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.(2)here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。Here is a ruler，a few

2、 pencils and two copybooks.2.意义一致原则(1)谓语动词必须用单数的情况表示学科的名词以及 works(工厂)，news(消息)等作主语时，虽然本身为复数形式，但表示单数意义时，谓语动词仍用单数。Politics is his favorite subject.表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时，虽然形式上是复数，但所表示的意义是单数，所以谓语动词用单数。Do you know when the United Nations was set up?(2)谓语动词必须用复数的情况表示总称意义的名词，如 people，police，public，ca

3、ttle 等作主语时，谓语动词用2复数。The police are searching for the murderer.(3)谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定集体名词，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population 等作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all

4、music lovers.“the形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数。The poor were looked down upon in the old days.3.语法一致原则(1)由 and连接的两个名词作主语“a/the名词单数and名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份)，谓语动词用单数。The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.“a/the名词单数anda/the名词单数”表示两个人，谓语动词用复数。The teacher and the poet have just arrived.“every名词单数

5、andevery名词单数”表示每一个人，谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.通常由两个部件组成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Bread and butter is not to his taste.(2)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Is fifty pounds enough?(3)“分数/百分数of名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据 of后的名词

6、的形式来定，如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。Two-thirds of the books are about science.Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.题组训练 1用所给词的适当形式填空31.The writer and translator is(be) delivering a speech in our school now.2.He or I am(be) to go.3.Are(be) not only the students but also their t

7、eacher required to attend the meeting?4.Ten years is(be) a moment in history.5.A third of his compositions have(have) been corrected.6.The unknown is(be) always something to be feared.倒装句的核心考点1.全部倒装(1)在 There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。Look，theres that bookshop I was telling

8、 you about.(2)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out 等置于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。There goes the phone.Ill answer it.(3)such作表语置于句首时。Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th centurys greatest scientist.(4)直接引语的全部或部分位于句首时。“If you die，who will get your money？”

9、asked Holmes.(5)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。In the center of the square stands a monument.(6)为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，而将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，引起倒装。Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.2.部分倒装在下列几种情况下，只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by

10、no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意义的单词或短语位于句首时。Little does he care about what others think.(2)在 not.until.，no sooner.than.，scarcely/hardly.when. ，not only.but also.，neither.nor.等句式中。Neither does he drink nor smoke.4(3)当 only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。Only then did I find I had made

11、 a mistake.(4)在 so/such.that.从句中，当 so形容词/副词或 such名词位于句首时。So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.(5)当表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“so/asbe 动词/助动词/情态动词主语” ，表示“也是” 。Times have changed and so have I.(6)当 neither，nor 位于句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“neither/norbe 动词/助动词/情态动词主语” ，表示“也不” 。They couldnt

12、 understand it at that time，and nor could we.(7)省略 if的虚拟条件句，把 were，had，should 提到主语前面。Had it not been for your help，we shouldnt have achieved so much.(8)as和 though引导的让步状语从句。Try as she might，Sue couldnt get the door open.(9)“may动词原形”表示祝愿，通常把 may置于句首，构成倒装语序。May you succeed!题组训练 21.Successful as he is (

13、他虽然成功)，he is not proud.(as)2.Only when he reached the teahouse did he realize(他才意识到) it was the same place hed been in last year.3.Its nice.Never before have I had such a special drink(我以前从没喝过这么特别的饮料)!Im glad you like it.4.Up jumped the cat(猫跳起来) and caught the mouse.5.Not until he finished his work

14、 did he go home(他才回家).强调句的核心考点1.使用助动词 do，does 和 did对谓语动词进行强调。First impressions really do count.2.运用强调句型来强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分。强调句型的基本句型结构为：It is/was被强调部分 that/who其他成分。可用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语、表语、同位语等成分。在复习强调句型时，要注意以下几个方面：5(1)强调句型中的主谓一致在强调句型中，当对陈述句中的主语进行强调时，无论被强调的主语是单数还是复数，主句中的谓语动词都要用单数形式 It is/was.，同时，that 从句中的谓

15、语动词要与被强调的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.(2)当对地点状语、时间状语或其他状语从句进行强调时，只能用连接词 that，而不能用 where，when，why 或 how等。It was on August 8,2008 that the 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.(3)强调句型的疑问句在强调句中，无论被强调部分是什么句子成分，变为一般疑问句时，都须将主句改为疑问语序，即将“It is/was被强调部分

16、that其他成分”改为“Is/Was it被强调部分that其他成分？”或“疑问词is/was it that其他成分？”结构。Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?When was it that she changed her mind?(4)在对 not.until.结构中的 until时间状语或时间状语从句进行强调时，要将句中的 not移至 until之前，构成：It is/was not until.that.。注意 that从句中的谓语动词要变成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒装语序。I didnt realiz

17、e she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.题组训练 31.Was it on a lonely island that(是在一个荒凉的岛上) he was saved one month after the boat went down?2.It is not how much we do but how much love we

18、 put into what we do that(不是我们做了多少，而是我们对所做的事情注入了多少爱) benefits our work most.3.Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?Of course，I have.It was in our village that it was made(这部电影是在我们村里制作出来的).4.If you have a job，do devote yourself to it(务必全身心地投入到工作中) and finally youll succeed.5.Its not what we

19、 do once in a while that(不是我们偶尔做的事情) shapes our 6lives，but what we do consistently.注意事项：1.如果由特殊疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序，不可用疑问语序。He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.2.强调句型结构中的反意疑问句式。在强调句型结构中，其反意疑问句的主语及助动词必须与主句 It is/was.保持一致。It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that

20、 matter，isnt it?3.强调句型结构与定语从句的混合使用。在高考试题中，为了增加试题的难度，命题人常将强调句型与定语从句混合起来，使句子结构更加复杂。我们要注意从语法角度来分析句子，理清结构“强调句型与定语从句” 。It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.4.强调句型与时间状语从句的辨析。当用强调句型强调时间状语时，去掉“it is/was”和连词 “that”，原句仍然完整；而在时间状语从句中，若去掉“it is/was”和连词“when/before” ，原句不完整。It was at 14：28 th

21、at the terrible earthquake broke out.(强调句型)It was 14：28 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(状语从句)省略句的核心考点1.状语从句中的省略由 when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where 等引导的状语从句中，如果其谓语动词为 be，而主语与主句的主语相同时，则从句的主语和 be可省略；或从句的主语为 it，谓语动词为 be时，也可省略从句中的 it和 be。When (I am) in trouble

22、，I always turn to my classmates for help.If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.2.不定式的省略单独使用不定式符号 to代替不定式后被省略的动词，常用在 be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish 等词后；或放在表情绪的词后，代替被省略的动词，常见词有：glad，happy，pleased 等；但是，如果不定式中含有 be，have，have been，则要保留be，hav

23、e，have been。7Will you please look after my house when Im away?Im glad to.Are you a sailor?No.But I used to be.Your work hasnt been handed in，but it ought to have been.3.常考的几个省略形式if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller.than 等。4.并列句中的省略并列句中的两个对等句里的动词相同时，后者的动词可以省略。He is going to Hong Kong，but his bro

24、ther (is going) to America.My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.题组训练 41.Jane wont join us for dinner tonight and Tom wont either(汤姆也不想加入).2.It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine.If so(如果这样的话)，wed better take it to the garage immediately.3.What a strange plant (多么奇怪的植物啊

25、)! Ive never seen it before.4.While walking along the street(当沿着大街走的时候)，I heard my name called.5.I asked him to see the film，but he didnt want to(他不想去).1.It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat.(2018天津，14)A.which B.thatC.when D.where答案 B解析 句意为：直到汽车停

26、在我们的房子前时我们才看见莉莉坐在乘客座上。分析题干可知本句是一个强调句，被强调的是 only when引导的时间状语从句。根据强调句的结构“It is/was被强调的部分that剩余部分”可知选 B项。2.In any unsafe situation，simply the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.(2018北京，8)A.press B.to press8C.pressing D.pressed答案 A解析 根据空后的 and可知应该选 A项。这是一个固定句式，其构成是“祈使句and陈述

27、句” 。句意为：在任何不安全的情况下，只要按一下按钮，训练有素的工作人员就会给予你所需要的帮助。3.The publication of Great Expectations，which both widely reviewed and highly praised，strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.(2017江苏，24)A.is B.are C.was D.were答案 C解析 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意为：远大前程这部小说的出版发行受到广泛评论和高度赞扬，这巩固了狄更斯作为顶尖小说家的地位。空格处与后面的 reviewe

28、d和praised一起构成定语从句的谓语，根据主句谓语 strengthened判断这里用一般过去时；定语从句的关系词 which指代主句的“the publication of Great Expectations”，主语核心词是 publication，故 be动词用 was。因此选 C。4.Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming， as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.(2017天津，6)A.regard B.is regardedC.are regarded D.regar

29、ds答案 B解析 考查主谓一致和动词的语态。句意为：如今，骑行与慢跑、游泳一起被认为是最全面的运动方式之一。当主语后面接由 along with引起的短语时，谓语动词应和主语(cycling)保持一致，排除 A、C 两项；cycling 与 regard之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，排除 D项，故选 B项。5.It was when I got back to my apartment I first came across my new neighbors.(2017天津，11)A.who B.whereC.which D.that答案 D解析 考查强调句型的判定。句意为：正是当我回到公寓时

30、，我第一次偶然遇见了我的新邻居们。强调句的判断方法是将 It is/was与 that/who去掉，然后看剩余的部分是不是一个成分完整的句子。经判断， “When I got back to my apartment，I first came across my new neighbors.”句子成分完整，由此可断定本句是强调句，并且强调的是时间状语，故空9格处应用 that。6.Only when Lily walked into the office that she had left the contract at home.(2015天津，3)A.she realized B.has

31、she realized C.she has realized D.did she realize答案 D解析 考查倒装及时态。句意为：直到莉莉走进办公室时，她才意识到她把合同忘在家里了。“only状语从句”位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。根据时间状语 when Lily walked into the office可知要用一般过去时。故答案为 D。7.It is important to remember that success a sum of small efforts made each day and often years to achieve.(2015湖南，27)A.i

32、s；takes B.are；takesC.are；take D.is；take答案 A解析 考查主谓一致。句意为：成功是每天所做的一些小小的努力的总和，它常常需要很多年的时间才能实现，记住这些很重要。此处 success是不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。故选 A项。8.Always in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.(2015湖南，31)A.to keep B.to have keptC.keep D.have kept答案 C解析 考查祈使句。句意为：一直要记住：你的主要任务是使这家公

33、司运转顺利。祈使句一般以动词原形开头，故用 keep。keep in mind 记住，固定搭配。9.It was the culture，rather than the language， made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.(2014福建，29)A.where B.why C.that D.what答案 C解析 考查强调句。句意为：是风俗文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。去掉 It was及空格处所填词此句成分仍完整，由此可断定本句是强调句型，所以空格处用 that。10. me tomorrow an

34、d Ill let you know the lab result.(2014大纲全国，33)10A.Calling B.CallC.To call D.Having called答案 B解析 考查祈使句。句意为：明天给我打电话，我会让你知道实验结果的。分析句子结构可知，此处是“祈使句and简单句”这一固定句式结构，故 B项正确。11.“Never for a second， ”the boy says， “ that my father would come to my rescue.”(2013江苏，27)A.I doubted B.do I doubtC.I have doubted D

35、.did I doubt答案 D 解析 句意为：这个男孩说：“我从不怀疑我父亲会来救我。 ”当否定副词或具有否定含义的短语置于句首时，句子常用部分倒装。再根据 would come to.可知，是在讲过去发生的事，故用过去时。12.Every day a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.(2013湖南，30)A.read B.readingC.to read D.reads答案 A解析 句意为：每天大声朗读一则谚语几遍直到你记住。考查句型“祈使句连词(如and，or.)简单句”的用法。13.Only when he

36、 apologizes for his rudeness to him again.(2013江西，25)A.I will speak B.will I speakC.do I speak D.I speak答案 B解析 本题考查倒装句式。 “only状语/状语从句”位于句首，句子要倒装。因此 A、D 两项不正确。句意为：只有当他为自己的无礼道歉时，我才会再和他说话。由 apologizes可知是用一般现在时表示将来。根据主将从现的原则，主句应该用将来时。14.It was with the help of the local guide the mountain climber was re

37、scued.(2013重庆，27)A.who B.thatC.when D.how答案 B11解析 考查强调句型。句意为：是在当地向导的帮助下，登山者才被营救出来。强调句型的结构是：It is/was被强调部分that.，故答案为 B项。15.Not once to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.(2013湖南，35)A.occurred it B.it did occurC.it occurred D.did it occur答案 D解析 考查倒装的用法。句意为：迈克尔成为班里的第一名这样的情况

38、一次也没有发生过。否定副词 not置于句首用于强调时，句子要用部分倒装。16.If to look after luggage for someone else，inform the police at once.(2013江西，34)A.asked B.to askC.asking D.having asked答案 A解析 句意为：如果有人要你替他看管行李，立即联系警察。ask 的主动形式后不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟不定式作宾补，所以可以直接排除 B、C、D 三项。完整的句子应该是If you are asked。17.The driver wanted to park his car

39、near the roadside but was asked by the police .(2013新课标全国，28)A.not to do B.not toC.not do D.do not答案 B解析 考查不定式的否定及省略。句意为：司机想把车停在路边，但是警察提醒他不可以。句中 by the police为干扰部分，可以去掉，句式为 ask sb. to do sth. 的被动语态的否定形式。A 选项后加 it也正确。18.At no time the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.(2013辽宁，26)A.they a

40、ctually brokeB.do they actually breakC.did they actually breakD.they had actually broken12答案 C解析 考查倒装及动词的时态。句意为：他们确实不会违反比赛规则，惩罚他们是不公平的。其中 at no time为介词短语，当其位于句首时，句子应该用部分倒装，根据第二个句子可知时态为一般过去时。故选 C。19. at the door before you enter my room，please.(2012北京，31)A.Knock B.KnockingC.Knocked D.To knock答案 A解析 句

41、意为：进我的房间之前请先敲门。句子缺少谓语动词，所以空格处应填动词原形构成一个祈使句，A 项正确。20.Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours a decision.(2011湖南，32)A.they reached B.did they reachC.they reach D.do they reach答案 B解析 句意为：他们只有在讨论这个问题几个小时后才做决定。 “only状语从句”放在句首，主句需用部分倒装句式，由从句中的“had discussed”可知主句应用一般过去时态。1.Tom as well as

42、 two of his classmates invited to the party.A.are B.will be C.is D.be答案 C解析 as well as 连接的两个名词作主语，谓语动词应与前者一致。Tom 为第三人称单数，故选 C。2.Up till now，there has been no scientific evidence about caused the death of dinosaurs.(2018兴化一中考前适应，29)A.what is it that B.what it was thatC.it was what D.what is it答案 B解析

43、考查强调句。句意为：到目前为止，还没有科学证据证明是什么导致了恐龙的死亡。这里强调了恐龙灭绝的原因，即 what，因此这是一个特殊疑问句的强调句型，强调句式后面要跟 that，故可排除 C、D 两项；另外，由于这个强调句是作介词 about的宾语从句，因此要用陈述语序，故 B项正确。133.So sometimes in trying to accomplish something big we fail to notice the little things that give life its magic.A.we get caught up；asB.do we get caught up

44、；thatC.caught up get we；asD.caught up do we get；that答案 D解析 句意为：我们有时会试图去完成一些大事，以至于我们没有注意到那些给生命带来魔力的小事。So形容词或副词that 引导的结果状语从句，当“So形容词或副词”位于句子开头时，则主句用部分倒装，结合句意可知答案为 D。4.It was human errors，rather than the natural disaster， for the death of so many innocent people in the landslide at an industrial park

45、in Shenzhen.A.which is blamed B.that is to blameC.which are blamed D.that are to blame答案 D解析 句意为：在深圳的一个工业园区发生了山体滑坡，造成许多无辜者死亡是人为的错误，而不是自然灾害。这是一个强调句：it is/was强调部分that其它，所以要用 that；因为由 rather than(而不是)连接的主语与前一部分一致，所以要用 are，故选 D。5.I dont see any reason why I sacrifice myself so much.Never forget why you

46、started so that you can accomplish your mission， ？(2018常州高三上期末统考，32)A.will you B.wont youC.can you D.cant you答案 A解析 考查反意疑问句。有 never表示否定意义，排除 B、D 两项。祈使句的反意疑问句一般用 will you。故选 A。6.As our teacher often puts it， to key universities those who will never give up halfway.(2018江苏高考压轴，24)A.being admitted；areB

47、.admitting；isC.admitted；areD.to be admitted；is答案 C14解析 考查倒装句和非谓语动词。句意为：正如我们老师经常说的，考入重点大学的那些学生是永远不会半途而废的人。第一个空考查短语 be admitted to(被录取)可以排除 B项；题干是完全倒装结构，正常语序是 those who.are admitted to key universities，得知第二个空是复数谓语动词，可以排除 D项；A 项的 being是多余的，也可以被排除。故选C。7.If for too long，the microscopic life(微生物) within t

48、he wrinkles and folds of our bed sheets can turn our bed into a “botanical park”，making us sick.A.left B.is leftC.being left D.to be left答案 A解析 考查状语从句的省略。句意为：如果床单太久不洗，床单皱褶里的微生物就会把我们的床变成“植物园” ，让我们生病。由句意可知，本句中主从句主语一致，且从句中含有 be动词的某种形式，故从句的主语和 be动词可以省略，If left for too longIf it (the microscopic life) is

49、 left for too long，省略 it is。故选 A。8. that made Mrs White so upset?Her sons making trouble in the school.A.Where was it B.Why was itC.How was it D.What was it答案 D解析 句意为：是什么让怀特夫人这么难过？她儿子在学校惹事了。判断强调句型的要点是：当去掉 It is/was和 that/who时，剩下的句子结构仍然完整。这里是强调句的疑问形式，由答语可知，这里句子的主语应该用 What，而不是 Where，Why 或 How。所以应该选 D项。9.I am glad to find that on top of the mount