SAE J 175-2016 Wheels - Lateral Impact Test Procedure - Road Vehicles.pdf

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1、 _ 6$(7HFKQLFDO6WDQGDUGV%RDUG5XOHVSURYLGHWKDW7KLVUHSRUWLVSX EOLVKHGE6$(WRDGYDQFHWKHVWDWHRIWHFKQLFDO and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, LVWKHVROHUHVS

2、RQVLELOLWRIWKHXVHU SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2016 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced

3、, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776

4、-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J175_201603 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J MAR2016 Issued 1970-07 Revised 2016-03 Superseding J175 SE

5、P2003 Wheels - Lateral Impact Test Procedure - Road Vehicles RATIONALE A process of compensating for frictional losses is recommended to minimize test variation between machines and assure the anticipated velocity is met. The machine calibrator will determine the Adjusted Drop Height (ADH) that the

6、respective machine must drop from to replicate 230 mm of free fall. Certifying the spring rate of the four rubber mounts is difficult in the apparatus as originally shown in the document. An alternate method to certify the spring rate is provided using common load vs deflection machines. One can cer

7、tify rubber mounts four at a time. 7HVWSUHVVXUHVIRUWHPSRUDU7DQGOLJKWWUXFN/7DSSOLFDWLRQVDUHSURYLGHGVLQFHWKH RSHUDWHDWSUHVVXUHVVXEVWDQWLDOO different thDQSDVVHQJHU3WLUHV7KHLQWHQWLVWRWHVWWKHZKHHODWWKHORZHUHQGRIWKHSUHV VXUHVSHFLILHGIRUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ 7KHGRFXPHQWWLWOHLVFKDQJHGWRLQFOXGH/DWHUDO,PSDFWWRGLVWL

8、QJXLVK LWIURPWKHURDGKDDUGLPSDFWWHVWWKDWXVHVDQimpact in a radial direction per SAE J1981. Reports for the lateral impact test and calibration are in the appendix to ensure uniform reporting. Refer to Appendix A. An alternate construction allowing for constraining the rubber mount and rotating the whe

9、el while on the machine is provided. Background of Lateral Impact Test Procedure Road Vehicles is provided. Refer to Appendix C. 1. SCOPE The SAE Recommended Practice establishes minimum performance requirements and related uniform laboratory test procedures for evaluating lateral (curb) impact coll

10、ision resistance of all wheels intended for use on passenger cars and light trucks. SAE INTERNATIONAL - MAR2016 Page 2 of 11 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issu

11、e of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publication Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J393 Nomenclature - Wheels, Hubs, and Rims for Commercial Vehicle

12、s SAE J1982 Nomenclature - Wheels for Passenger Cars, Light Trucks, and Multipurpose Vehicles 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Technical Report. 2.2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE Internation

13、al, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J2530 Aftermarket Wheels-Passenger Car and Light Truck Performance Requirements and Test Procedures 2.2.2 ISO Publications Copies of these documents are

14、 available online at http:/webstore.ansi.org/ ISO 7141:1981 Road vehicles Wheels - Impact test procedure ISO 3911 Wheels and rims for pneumatic tyres-Vocabulary, designation and marking 3. DEFINITIONS The terminology used herein follows the standard definitions found in SAE J393 with the following a

15、ddition: 3.1 ADJUSTED DROP HEIGHT (ADH) The height in mm that a mass must be dropped from to replicate free fall from 230mm as measured by time of 12.31 ms to pass through a distance of 25.4 mm prior to tire contact. Tests are to be conducted at adjusted drop height. 4. TEST PROCEDURES 4.1 Wheels fo

16、r Test Only fully processed new wheels, which are representative of wheels intended for passenger car and light truck applications, shall be used for each test. Tires and wheels used for test should not be used subsequently on a vehicle. SAE INTERNATIONAL - MAR2016 Page 3 of 11 4.2 Equipment The tes

17、t machine shall be one in which an impact loading is applied to the rim flange of a wheel complete with tire. The wheel shall be mounted with its axis at an angle of 13 degrees 1 degree to the vertical so that its highest point is presented to the vertically acting striker. The impacting face of the

18、 striker system shall be at least 125 mm wide and at least 375 mm long. (See Figure 1.) The width of the support beam is 200 mm minimum, to prevent permanent deformation, and is recommended to be made of 400MPa minimum yield material. All pivot joints in the wheel mount fixture should be free to rot

19、ate. Shoulder bolts are recommended to prevent binding. The wheel mount fixture dimensions are shown in Figure 1. 4.2.1 An alternate construction includes a rotating adapter that allows circumferential alignment. Rubber mounts are recommended to be constrained perpendicular to direction of drop as s

20、een in Figure 3. Jounce travel is limited per alternate construction defined in Figure 4. 4.2.2 Each piece of equipment has friction unique to that machine. Friction is compensated for by calibrating to determine the Adjusted Drop Height at which 230mm of freefall is accomplished on that machine. 4.

21、3 Test Setup and Procedure a. Adjust the striker mass D = 0.6W + 180 (Eq. 1) Where D = mass of striker 2%, expressed in kilograms; W = maximum static wheel loading as specified by wheel and/or vehicle manufacturer, expressed in kilograms. b. Rigidly constrain any weights added to the striker mass so

22、 that it acts as one mass. c. Mount wheel to the hub adapter through the bolt circle using representative fasteners. d. Torque lugnuts to 115 Nm 7 Nm or the torque recommended by the vehicle or wheel manufacturer. e. Select tubeless tire of the smallest nominal section width tire intended for use wi

23、th the wheel, by the vehicle or wheel manufacturers. f. Inflate tire pressure as specified by the vehicle manufacturer. In the absence of such specification use 200 kPa for all passenger car applications. Tire pressure to be 380 kPa for light truck applications at and above 1120kg load rating and te

24、mporary spare applications. g. Align the front edge of the striker to be 25 mm +/- 1 mm overlapping the rim flange of the wheel. h. Raise mass to the adjusted drop height as found at last calibration. i. Conduct the tests at temperatures between 10 and 38 C. j. Drop mass on wheel tire assembly. k. M

25、easure tire pressure (kPa) within 1 minute of impact. l. Inspect wheels for cracks, take digital image if cracks present m. Fill out test datasheet. (See Appendix A for example) SAE INTERNATIONAL - MAR2016 Page 4 of 11 4.3.1 Repeat impacts to ensure that the integrity of the wheel is evaluated in th

26、e presence of varying design features. One impact location to be at the valve hole. A separate wheel shall be used for each test. Figure 1 - Impact loading test machine Adjusted Drop Height +/- 2mm Drop Mass SAE INTERNATIONAL - MAR2016 Page 5 of 11 4.4 Calibration of Rubber Mounts 4.4.1 With the tes

27、t calibration adapter located at the mid-span of the beam, a mass of 1000kg shall be applied to the center of the wheel mount as shown in Figure 2. The deflection of the test fixture shall be 7.5 mm 0.75m when measured at the center of the beam as shown in Figure 2. 4.4.2 As an alternative to the ca

28、libration procedure noted in Figure 2, rubber mounts can be calibrated in a traceable load vs. deflection device. Load all four rubber mounts in parallel to 1000 kg with an added 70 kg to replicate the weight of the pedestal. Deflection criteria of 4.4.1 is applicable. 4.5 Calibration of Drop Height

29、 4.5.1 Friction in the slides can be compensated for by adjusting the drop height (ADH) until a velocity is measured that replicates 230mm of free fall. A velocimeter and a light curtain are used in combination to measure the velocity of the drop mass just prior to striking the tire. The calibrator

30、is to start at 230mm and increment in 2mm increases of drop height until the time it takes to go through a 25mm light curtain is 12.31ms. As an example; the ADH to be noted on the calibration certificate and sticker as ADH equal to 234mm. All tests on specific machine to be dropped at the ADH until

31、the next calibration. ADH to be displayed on calibration certificate and calibration sticker on the mass. Calibration should include all the fields found in Calibration Data Sheet noted in Appendix B. SAE INTERNATIONAL - MAR2016 Page 6 of 11 Figure 2 - Calibration of rubber mounts SAE INTERNATIONAL

32、- MAR2016 Page 7 of 11 Figure 3 - Alternate construction with pinned rubber mounts and rotating adapter SAE INTERNATIONAL - MAR2016 Page 8 of 11 Figure 4- Jounce travel 4.6 Acceptance Criteria 4.6.1 No Visible fracture(s) penetrating through a section of the center member of the wheel assembly. 4.6.

33、2 No Separation of the center member from the rim. 4.6.3 No Total loss of the air pressure within one minute after impact. NOTE 1: Fractures in the area of the rim under the striker including separation of the flange does not constitute failure to meet the acceptance criteria. NOTE 2: If it is suspe

34、cted that one of the acceptance criteria is not met due to subsequent impacts caused by the mass rebounding or the mass resting on the tire, means should be employed to capture the mass after first impact. Only one impact is intended. 5. NOTES 5.1 Revision Indicator A change bar (I) located in the l

35、eft margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Chang

36、e bars and (R) are not used in original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only. PREPARED BY THE SAE WHEEL STANDARDS COMMITTEE Black SAE INTERNATIONAL - MAR2016 Page 9 of 11 APPENDIX A TEST DATA SHEET - DATA SHEETS SPECIFY INFORMATION REQUIRED, NOT FORMAT Name or logo appr

37、oved test provider Test facility name, location of tester Test Number Test Type Test Requester Part number tested Test Parameters Specification SAE J175 Wheel size Fastener Size Tire Size Bolt Pattern Specified Test Load(kg) Tire Pressure(kPa) Adjusted Drop Height (mm) Test Data ID of Wheel Tested T

38、est Date Test Technician Test Machine ID Last Calibration Date Actual Test Load(kg) Location of Impact Digital Image supplied if cracks present Acceptance Criteria Air pressure after 1 minute (kPa) 1. Did the wheel sustain air pressure? YES/NO 2. Are there cracks through a section in center? YES/NO

39、3. Is there separation between the center and the rim? YES/NO 4. Does the test meet or exceed acceptance criteria? YES/NO Technician certifying results Comments SAE INTERNATIONAL - MAR2016 Page 10 of 11 APPENDIX B - CALIBRATION DATA SHEET Customer: Calibrator: Location: Name: Machine Station: Compan

40、y: Manufacturer: Date: Model Number: Serial Number: Calibration Information: Description: Manufacturer: Serial # Calibration by: Date: Traceability to NIST: Load Cell Signal Conditioner Deflection Meter Velocimeter Technique Used: A. Deflection of Rubber Mounts Measured in Test Machine B. Deflection

41、 of Rubber Mounts measured in load/deflection press. All four rubber mounts loaded to 1000 kg + 70 kg (approximate mass of apparatus above rubber mounts) C. Traceable Velocimeter GHIVS200 Gate Type with VSDI Optical Sensor or Comparable traceable to within .02 ms. D. Load Cell and Signal Conditioner

42、 Traceable to within 2kg 1000kg E. Deflection Meter Traceable to within .075mm Acceptance Criteria: A. Adjusted Drop Height (ADH) at which 12.31 .2 milliseconds of gate time is achieved through 25.4 mm of travel _mm B. The deflection of four rubber mounts under load as per A or B. _mm *Adjusted drop

43、 height to be noted on sticker on machine Calibration Date: Signature of Calibrator: Next Calibration Due: Certificate not to be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of calibrator noted above. SAE INTERNATIONAL - MAR2016 Page 11 of 11 APPENDIX C - BACKGROUND OF LATERAL IMPACT TEST

44、 )URPWKHVWKURXJKVVRPHVWHHOZKHHOVZHUHPDGHZLWKULYHWVWRKROGWKH ULPDQGGLVFVHFWLRQWRJHWKHUReportedly, a vehicle left the road and then rolled multiple times. The rim section of the wheel was separated from the disc section parting at the rivets. A question arose on whether the wheel separation caused the

45、 loss of control, or whether the loss of control resulted in a loading that caused the separation of rim and disc section. An apparatus was developed to impart an impact load of 970kg mass with an additional spring loaded (1071kg/cm) 100 kg mass) at an angle of 30 from horizontal with calibrated spr

46、ings between the striker and the wheel. This impact resistance test seemingly demonstrated that the amount of energy necessary to separate the parts was in excess of that found in highway service. The test became a recommended practice called SAE J175 in 1970. At that time is was not typical to provide a Rationale wi