SAE ARP 5535A-2015 Observers for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace.pdf

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1、AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP5535 REV. A Issued 2003-07 Reaffirmed 2009-06 Revised 2015-02 Superseding ARP5535 Observers for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace RATIONALE Outdoor laser operations require control measures to ensure that laser beams will not interfere with the safe operation o

2、f aircraft. It has been found that laser beams that expose pilots can affect the pilots vision and thus the safe operation of the aircraft, even if the level is less than what would be needed to cause eye injury. One control measure for preventing exposure of pilots to potentially hazardous optical

3、radiation has been found to be a safety observer. A safety observer is a person who watches for potential interaction between the crew of an aircraft and a propagating laser beam and has the authority and means to terminate the laser beam before that interaction takes place. INTRODUCTION On March 26

4、, 1999, the FAA submitted a written request to SAE for assistance in developing standards and regulations concerning outdoor laser operations. In December 1999, the SAE Aerospace Standard 4970 (AS4970) “Human Factors Considerations for Outdoor Laser Operations in the Navigable Airspace” was publishe

5、d by the SAE and forwarded to the FAA. AS4970 provides guidance on assessing the potential hazards of a particular laser beam. In August 2000, the ANSI Z136.6-2000 “American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors,” was published and revised in 2005. This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice

6、 (ARP) document provides guidance for the use of laser safety observers during operations of a laser system outdoors in the navigable airspace. It also recommends the minimum requirements and training issues for those laser safety observers. _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This

7、report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews

8、 each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2015 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system

9、 or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesa

10、e.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP5535A SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5535A Page 2 of 13 FOREWORD This document applies to laser safety observers so as to mitigate a laser beams p

11、otential hazard to aircrews when projected from an outdoor laser system. A related SAE document is Aerospace Standard (AS6029A) “Performance Criteria for Laser Control Measures Used for Aviation Safety”. Additional control measures may be applicable and are discussed in ANSI Z136.6, “American Nation

12、al Standard for Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors.” The purpose of this document is to provide guidance to all laser operators, including industry and government, and to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on the optimal use of laser safety observers during propagation of a laser beam in the navigab

13、le airspace. It also recommends the minimum requirements and training issues for those laser safety observers. The SAE G-10T Committee has convened since the 1990s with representation from at least 17 different entities, public and private, to identify the issues, technologies, and operational capab

14、ilities of outdoor laser use in navigable airspace. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5535A Page 3 of 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 4 1.1 Purpose . 4 1.2 Field of Application 4 2. REFERENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.1.1 SAE Publications . 4 2.1.2 ANSI Publications . 4 2.1.3 U.S. Government Publications 4 2

15、.2 Other Applicable References 5 2.3 Definitions . 5 3. BACKGROUND 5 3.1 Laser Biological Effects . 6 3.1.1 Distraction . 6 3.1.2 Glare 6 3.1.3 Flashblindness 6 3.1.4 Afterimages . 6 3.1.5 Scotomas 6 3.1.6 Hemorrhages 6 4. LASER SAFETY OBSERVER RECOMMENDATIONS 6 4.1 Minimum Criteria . 7 4.2 Medical

16、Examinations . 7 4.3 Training . 7 4.3.1 Optical Scanning Patterns 7 4.3.2 Collateral Duties 7 4.3.3 Proper Use of Ophthalmic Devices . 8 4.3.4 Communication Requirements and Equipment 8 4.3.5 Safe Operating Procedure Logbook . 8 4.3.6 Identification of Hazards and Use of Control Measures . 8 4.3.7 T

17、raining on Visual Illusions . 8 4.3.8 Fatigue Recognition 8 4.3.9 Viewing Conditions 8 4.3.10 Effects of Environment 8 4.3.11 Multiple Tasking 8 4.3.12 Judgment 9 4.3.13 Performance Requirements 9 4.3.14 Physiological Effects . 9 4.3.15 Visual Stimuli . 9 4.3.16 On-The-Job Training . 9 4.3.17 Local

18、Air Traffic Patterns . 9 4.3.18 Human Factor Considerations for Observers . 9 4.4 Physical Aids to the Safety Observer 9 4.4.1 Binoculars . 9 4.4.2 Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) . 10 4.4.3 Visible Alignment Beam 10 4.5 Evaluation of Observer Effectiveness . 10 4.5.1 Direct Observation 10 4.5.2 Histori

19、cal Safety Data 10 4.5.3 Questionnaires for Observers . 10 4.5.4 Refresher Training 10 5. NOTES 10 APPENDIX A BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF LASERS . 11 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5535A Page 4 of 13 1. SCOPE This document applies to safety observers or spotters involved with the use of outdoor laser systems. It ma

20、y be used in conjunction with SAE Aerospace Standard (AS4970) “Human Factors Considerations for Outdoor Laser Operations in the Navigable Airspace.” Additional control measures may be applicable and are listed in ANSI Z136.6. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide guidance to proprie

21、tors for the optimal use of safety observers during operation of a laser system. It also recommends the minimum requirements for a safety observer. 1.2 Field of Application AS4970 and ANSI Z136.6 provide guidance and information for the evaluation of laser operations in navigable airspace. Due to op

22、erational/mission requirements, some laser beams may exceed the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits or visual interference levels as defined in FAA Order 7400.2, ANSI Z136.1, and ANSI Z136.6. The use of laser safety observers as control measures to reduce the laser beam hazards to air navigati

23、on is discussed. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order.

24、 In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE

25、International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AS4970 Human Factor Considerations for Outdoor Laser Operations in the Navigable Airspace ARP5572 Control Measures for Laser Safety in the Navigable

26、 Airspace AS6029A Performance Criteria for Laser Control Measures Used for Aviation Safety 2.1.2 ANSI Publications Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org. ANSI Z136.1 American National Standard fo

27、r the Safe Use of Lasers ANSI Z136.6 American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors 2.1.3 U.S. Government Publications Copies of these documents are available online at http:/quicksearch.dla.mil. FAA Order 7400.2 Procedures for Handling Airspace Matters. VI Part 6 (Miscellaneous Proc

28、edures), Chapter 29 (Outdoor Laser Operations) Code of Federal Regulations. Title 14, Part 91, Section 91.11, Prohibition on interference with crewmembers SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5535A Page 5 of 13 2.2 Other Applicable References Goldstein HP, Scott AB, Nelson LB. “Ocular motility,“ in Tasman W. Jaeger

29、 EA, (eds.), Duanes Biomedical Foundation of Ophthalmology Vol. 2, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1989, pp 51. Bennett AG, Rabbetts RB. “Anisometropia and aniseikonia,“ in Bennett AG, Rabbetts RB, (eds.), Clinical Visual Optics, Butterworths, Boston, 1984, pp 312. Parks MM. “Alignment,“ in T

30、asman W. Jaeger EA, (eds.), Duanes Biomedical Foundation of Ophthalmology Vol. 1, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1989, pp 7. 2.3 Definitions The definitions of the terms listed below are based on a pragmatic rather than a basic approach. The terms defined are, therefore, limited to those act

31、ually used and are not intended to constitute a dictionary of terms used in the laser field as a whole. AFTERIMAGE: An image that remains in the visual field after an exposure to a bright light. FLASHBLINDNESS: The inability to see (either temporarily or permanently) caused by bright light entering

32、the eye that persists after the illumination has ceased. GLARE: A temporary disruption in vision caused by the presence of a bright light (such as an oncoming cars headlights) within an individuals field of vision. Glare is not associated with biological damage and its effect only lasts as long as t

33、he light source is present within the individuals field of vision. LASER SAFETY OFFICIER (LSO): An individual with both the authority and the responsibility to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazards and to effect the knowledgeable evaluation and control of laser hazards. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBL

34、E EXPOSURE (MPE): The level of laser radiation to which a person may be exposed without hazardous effect or adverse biological changes in the eye or skin. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM (NAS): A complex, highly interactive “system of systems“ involving large numbers of subsystems and components on the gro

35、und, and in the aircraft including facilities, equipment, and computer hardware and software as well as the people which enable hundreds of thousands of users to fly safely every day. SAFETY OBSERVER: One who has been tasked with observing the airspace through which a laser beam is being propagated

36、to ensure that the beam does not illuminate any individual or object that could be injured, impaired, or damaged as a result of such an exposure. The observer must have the ability to immediately terminate the laser beam. 3. BACKGROUND Laser beams can be hazardous to human tissue. See Appendix A for

37、 additional information. There are documented incidents of laser beams illuminating aircraft in flight within the United States, which have adversely affected the safe operation of the aircraft. Physical injuries can result to the skin or eyes, but temporary impairments to vision are much more preva

38、lent. Approximately 90% of the information a pilot uses to safely operate an aircraft is obtained through the sense of vision; therefore, it is imperative that hazardous laser exposure be eliminated or effectively controlled to protect the aircrew. Control measures as described in ARP5572 may includ

39、e automated protection systems. Performance requirements for these protection systems are outlined in AS6029A. Safety observers can be an effective alternative or enhancement to an automated laser control system. Furthermore, for some laser systems, the safety observer may be the only practical cont

40、rol mechanism. For more powerful lasers that are hazardous beyond three miles, it is important that the LSO not rely solely on safety observers to detect aircraft since safety observers have been demonstrated to be reliable in detecting aircraft up to three miles away. Safety observers may be capabl

41、e of detecting aircraft at much greater distances in semi-populated areas and in remote locations where city lights are less numerous. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5535A Page 6 of 13 3.1 Laser Biological Effects The biological effects associated with laser illumination are dependent on the laser beam charac

42、teristics, environmental factors, and vulnerability of the target at the time of exposure. These effects include startle, distraction, glare, flashblindness, afterimages, and biological damage (blind spots, burns, and hemorrhages). Visible laser beams can be psychologically disruptive without causin

43、g actual biological damage. An individual would be more susceptible to biological effects, such as glare, flashblindness, and afterimages under low-light conditions. Pulsed lasers may have a reduced MPE for the same average power than continuous wave (CW) lasers and, therefore, are more likely to in

44、duce biological damage. Additional information on the biological hazards of lasers is available in the Appendix. Biological effects from laser illumination may include: 3.1.1 Distraction When presented with a bright light source, particularly at night, it is difficult to prevent a change in directio

45、n of gaze from the task at hand to the new source. Training and normal biological reflexes result in diverting attention toward any new and unexpected light source in order to assess its significance. If the new light source proves to be a minor distraction, attention can be rapidly refocused back t

46、o the task at hand. 3.1.2 Glare Glare refers to temporary disruptions in vision without biological damage. Glare is particularly disruptive under nighttime viewing conditions and especially when the eyes are fully dark-adapted. Glare is a source-fixed effect, in that as the position of gaze shifts a

47、way from the light source, glare effects are diminished, e.g., headlights from an oncoming car at night. Glare only occurs when the light source is on. 3.1.3 Flashblindness Flashblindness is a visual interference effect that persists after the bright light is terminated, e.g., from a camera flash. F

48、lashblindness can last from several seconds to several minutes. 3.1.4 Afterimages Afterimages refer to perceptions that persist following illumination with a bright light source, and are described as light, dark, or colored spots, e.g., image that remains after a camera flash. Its effects may last f

49、or more prolonged periods of time than flashblindness effects and can persist minutes, hours, or several days. 3.1.5 Scotomas A scotoma (blind spot in the visual field) can either be temporary or permanent. If permanent, it is a sign of biological tissue damage and is a blind spot in the visual field. The location of the corresponding tissue damage o