NSF P151-1995 Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components《雨水集流系统部件的健康影响》.pdf

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1、NSF Protocol PI51 Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components NSF International I August 1 II 1995 NSF International, an independent, not-for-profit organization, is dedicated to public health safety and protection of the environment by developing standards, by providing education and

2、by providing superior third-party conformity assessment services while representing the interest of all stake ho Ide rs. This Protocol is subject to revision. Contact NSF to confirm this revision is current. Users of this Protocol may request clarifications and interpretations, or propose revisions

3、by contacting: NSF International Engineering & Research Services 789 Dixboro Road Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Phone: (734)769-801 O Telex: 75321 5 NSF INTL FAX: (734)769-O1 O9 E-mail: Web: August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page i NSF PROTOCOL PI51 HEALTH EFFECTS FROM RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYST

4、EM COMPONENTS AUGUST 1,1995 Prepared by: NSF International Engineering & Research Services 3475 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Copyright 8 1995 All Rights Reserved August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page ii TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 . INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 SCOPE 3 1.2 PURPOSE . 3 1.

5、3 LIMITATIONS 3 SECTION 2 . DEFINITIONS . 3 SECTION 3 . MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS . 4 3.1 SUPPORT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH . 4 3.2 PUBLISHED INSTRUCTIONS . 4 3.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION . 4 3.4 TESTING 4 SECTION 4 . SAMPLE REQUIREMENTS . 4 4.1 GUTERS 4 4.2 CATCHMENT SURFACES. LINERS/LINING OR COATING/PAINT

6、4 SECTION 5 . CONDITIONING . 5 SECTION 6 . EXPOSURE 5 SHORT TERM AND HIGH CONCENTRATION CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE 5 LONG TERM AND LOW LEVEL CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE 5 6.1 6.2 SECTION 7 . EXPOSURE WATERS 6 SEC SEC ION 8 . TESTING EXPOSURE WATER 6 8.1 TEST PARAMETERS 6 8.2 FORMULATION REVIEW FOR TEST PARAMETER

7、 SELECTION 6 8.3 ANALYSIS METHODS 6 ION 9 . MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING OF EXPOSURE WATER . 7 SECTION 1 O . NORMALIZATION OF LABORATORY DATA 7 SECTION 11 . EVALUATION OF TEST DATA . 8 SHORT TERM AND HIGH CONCENTRATION EXPOSURE TEST DATA . 8 LONG TERM AND LOW LEVEL EXPOSURE TEST DATA . 8 11 . 1 11.2 REFE

8、RENCES . 8 APPENDIX A . 9 August 1. 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page iii 1 .I 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 NSF PROTOCOL PI51 HEALTH EFFECTS FROM RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEM COMPONENTS SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION SCOPE: This testing protocol covers gutters, barrier materials and/or catchment surfaces (coat

9、ings, paints, lining and liners) placed on roof tops and ground surfaces that come in direct contact with rainwater that is collected and used as drinking water. PURPOSE: This NSF Protocol was developed to assess: ! the concentration of a contaminant extracted from surfaces and components exposed to

10、 rain, and ! whether the concentration of the contaminant(s) exceeded known drinking water maximum contaminants and/or health advisories. This protocol also is used as substantiation of the following NSF protocol certif ication : NSF Protocol P151 Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Compo

11、nents LIMITATIONS: The quality of the collected rainwater and its acceptability for use as drinking water is the responsibility of the appropriate regulatory agency with authority. The health risk from extractable contaminants for which the U.S. EPA has not published health effects information is th

12、e responsibility of the manufacturer of the product. SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS CATCHMENT SURFACES: Barrier materials, placed on roof tops and other surfaces, that are exposed directly to rainfall and serve to collect rainwater for a drinking water cistern system. COATING/PAINT: A material applied with

13、a direct bond to a sub-surface subject to directhdirect contact with rainwater that is collected for a drinking water cistern system. August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page 1 of 9 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 DRINKING WATER HEALTH ADVISORY: A twice-a-year publication of th

14、e U.S. EPA, Office of Water, entitled Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories= GUTERS: Products used to capture and convey rainwater run-off from catchment surfaces to drinking water cisterns. LINERS/LINING: Prefabricated materials applied, bonded or attached to a sub- surface that is subje

15、ct to direct/indirect contact with rainwater that is collected for a drinking water cistern system. MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL (MCL): Maximum concentration of contaminant allowed in a public drinking water supply as defined under the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act. SECTION 3. MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS S

16、UPPORT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH: Materials and products covered by this section shall be evaluated for support of microbiological growth as described in Section 9. PUBLISHED INSTRUCTIONS: The manufacturers written (published) instructions shall specify intended end-use for the product. Instructions

17、 for field- applied products shall include appropriate preparation, application, and/or instal I at i on specif cat ions . SAMPLE PREPARATION: When applicable, samples for testing shall be prepared in accordance with the manufacturers written (published) instructions and under the supervision of the

18、 certifying agency. TESTING: The samples for testing shall follow the procedures outlined in this protocol. Samples of exposure water shall be tested according to Section 8 of this protocol. The test data shall be tested according to Section 10 and meets the requirements of Section 11 of this protoc

19、ol. SECTION 4. SAMPLE REQUIREMENTS GUTERS: Whenever practical, samples of the actual products shall be prepared for exposure testing. The size with the highest surface area to volume (typically the smallest diameter) should be evaluated. Successful evaluation of the highest surface area to volume ra

20、tio shall qualify all lower surface area to volume ratios. CATCH M E NT SU R FAC ES, LI N E RS/LI N I NG OR COATI NG/PAI NT: Test August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page 2 of 9 samples shall be prepared such that, upon exposure, a minimum of 450 cm2/L (70 in2/L) surface area to volume

21、 ratio is achieved (6 inch by 14 inch size specimen is recommended). A coating or paint shall be applied to a glass or metal slide in a manner consistent with the manufacturers written (published) instructions. A coating or paint requiring a reactive substrate (.e. when glass is inappropriate) shall

22、 be applied to an appropriate alternate substrate. Wood materials may be used as a substrate only and are not acceptable in collecting rainwater. Plastic Metals or Metallic Coatings (e.g. galvanized roofing) Paint or Coating SECTION 5. CONDITIONING ASTM D4364 ASTM D4141 (Method C) ASTM D4141 (Method

23、 C) Following washing and prior to exposure, products and materials shall be conditioned to sim u late man ufact u rers recommended pre- use f I us h ing and/or disinfection proced u res. If the manufacturers written (published) instructions do not specify conditioning, samples shall be exposed imme

24、diately after washing. SECTION 6. EXPOSURE 6.1 6.2 SHORT TERM AND HIGH CONCENTRATION CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE: After conditioning as described in Section 5, a sample shall be exposed to the waters specified in Section 7 before accelerated outdoor weathering. LONG TERM AND LOW LEVEL CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE:

25、 A Fresnell- reflecting concentrator shall be used to simulate accelerated outdoor weather for sample exposure. Samples shall be tested according to the applicable accelerated outdoor weathering procedure listed in Table 1. TABLE 1. ACCELERATED OUTDOOR WEATHERING PROCEDURES Sample Type (Material or

26、Composition) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Test Procedure I All Others I ASTM G90 - 1994 (Cycle #1) I Samples shall be exposed to ultraviolet radiation according to the schedule in Table 2. The last sample (#8) or any preceding sample may be tested to assess the long term drinkin

27、g water health risk to low level contaminants. August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page 3 of 9 TABLE 2. SAMPLE EXPOSURE SCHEDULE Cumulative UV Radiation* O Sample Number 1 27 2 54 3 81 4 108 5 135 6 162 7 189 8 *. in megajoules UV radiation in the 300-385 nanometer wavelength region SE

28、CTION 7. EXPOSURE WATERS Immediately after exposure according to Section 6, the appropriately sized samples shall be exposed in deionized water (ASTM DI193 Type Ill) with no chlorine for 24 hours. SECTION 8. TESTING EXPOSURE WATER 8.1 8.2 8.3 TEST PARAMETERS: All exposure waters may be tested for al

29、l contaminants regulated by the U.S. EPA or for which the EPA published a drinking water health advisor$, or contaminants shall be selected for testing based upon the results of a review of the formulation of the catchment surface or component. FORMULATION REVIEW FOR TEST PARAMETER SELECTION: The ma

30、nufacturer of a rainwater catchment surface or component shall submit complete product formulation information for the product including method of manufacture. The following information shall be provided for each constituent as applicable: Chemical Abstracts Registry Number, structural formula, mole

31、cular weight, and source. A list of known or suspected impurities or contaminants shall be provided and their concentrations in the product noted. ANALYSIS METHODS: Analyses for chemicals in exposure water shall be performed, except as other provided herein, in accordance with currently accepted U.S

32、. EPA Methods (see 41 CFR Part 141 and Methods for Chemical Analvsis of Water and Wastes, EPA 600/4-79-020). When no EPA Method is provided, analyses may be performed in accordance with the most recent edition of Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater. August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1

33、995 NSF International Page 4 of 9 If neither of these two references address the required parameters and matrix, or if an alternate method is desired, method validation must be completed prior to the application of the method. The reporting limit obtained from the method shall be no greater than one

34、 half the contaminant control level or Maximum Allowable Level (MAL) specified for the parameter. SECTION 9. MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING OF EXPOSURE WATER Three unpreserved aliquots of the exposure water shall be collected and inoculated with laboratory strains of E. coli and Pseudomonas. Three aliquots

35、 of extraction water from the corresponding method blank shall also be inoculated. After 48 hours, the growth in extraction water aliquots shall be determined with the membrane filtration method (as described in Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater) and compared. SECTION 1 O. NO

36、RMALIZATION OF LABORATORY DATA The formula for normalizing laboratory data shall be as follows: Where NF = Normalization factor SA SA V V Fflow = Volume of water the product is exposed to during a period = Surface area in the field = Surface area in the laboratory = Volume of extraction water in the

37、 laboratory of time equivalent to the laboratory test There is a relationship between SAF and VF flow that can be expressed as the depth of water (d) above SAFI The SAF term in equation (1) cancels when equation (2) is substituted for VF flow. The equation for the normalization factor then simplifie

38、s to : August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page 5 of 9 If a minimum rainfall depth of 0.10 inches (0.25 cm) can create roof catchment runoff, the normalization factor simplifies further when substituting 0.1 O for Akin equation (3): VL SA L NF = (10) (4) The normalization factor descri

39、bed in equation (4) shall be used to normalize the concentration of contaminants detected in laboratory exposure water. All contaminants detected in laboratory exposure water shall be multiplied by this normalization factor (NF). SECTION 11. EVALUATION OF TEST DATA 11 .I SHORT TERM AND HIGH CONCENTR

40、ATION EXPOSURE TEST DATA: The normalized extractable contaminants in exposure water(s) prepared according to section 6.1 shall not exceed the most recent edition of the U.S. EPA drinking water health advisory concentration for the ten day exposure of the contaminant to a child or an adult, if the he

41、alth advisory for a child is not available. 11.2 LONG TERM AND LOW LEVEL EXPOSURE TEST DATA: The normalized extractable contaminants in exposure water(s) prepared according to section 6.2 shall not exceed the most recently published U.S. EPA drinking water MCL and/or the most recent edition of the U

42、.S. EPA drinking water health advisory concentration for the lifetime exposure of the contaminant to an adult. REFERENCES 1. Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories (most recent edition). Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995

43、NSF International Page 6 of 9 APPENDIX A: REVIEWERS COMMENTS ON PROTOCOL AND NSFS RESPONSE August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page 7 of 9 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH I I August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page 8 of 9 i August 1, 1995 Copyright O 1995 NSF International Page 9 of 9