ITU-R REPORT RS 2184-2010 Arrival time difference lightning detection systems in the meteorological aids service in operation below 20 kHz《频段低于20 kHz情况下操作气象辅助业务的到达时差雷电探测系统》.pdf
《ITU-R REPORT RS 2184-2010 Arrival time difference lightning detection systems in the meteorological aids service in operation below 20 kHz《频段低于20 kHz情况下操作气象辅助业务的到达时差雷电探测系统》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ITU-R REPORT RS 2184-2010 Arrival time difference lightning detection systems in the meteorological aids service in operation below 20 kHz《频段低于20 kHz情况下操作气象辅助业务的到达时差雷电探测系统》.pdf(19页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、 Report ITU-R RS.2184(10/2010)Arrival time difference lightning detection systems in the meteorological aidsservice in operation below 20 kHzRS SeriesRemote sensing systemsii Rep. ITU-R RS.2184 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and eco
2、nomical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed b
3、y World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be u
4、sed for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. S
5、eries of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodeterminati
6、on, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This IT
7、U-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rep. ITU-R RS.2184 1
8、REPORT ITU-R RS.2184 Arrival time difference lightning detection systems in the meteorological aids service in operation below 20 kHz (2010) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Summary . 2 2 Introduction 2 3 ATD network basics . 2 3.1 ATD network service area 4 3.2 ATD network detection output data . 4 3.3 Lig
9、htning detection method basics . 5 4 ATD outstations 6 4.1 Outstation configuration . 6 4.2 Sensor unit 6 4.3 Outstation functions 8 5 Flash location processor functions . 9 5.1 Overview of wave form processing 9 5.2 Wave form extraction . 9 5.3 Selection of reference station 10 5.4 Spectral correct
10、ions 10 5.5 Time difference extraction 11 5.6 Principles of flash location . 12 6 Characterization of interference . 13 6.1 Impact of interference . 14 6.2 Examples of interference received at various ATD network outstations are shown in Figs 9 and 10 . 14 6.3 An example of intermittent interference
11、 emanating from Norway and received at Lerwick, Keflavik and Camborne . 15 7 Interference mitigation . 16 7.1 Limits to usefulness of notch filters 16 2 Rep. ITU-R RS.2184 1 Summary This Report describes the general operational and technical characteristics of the arrival time difference (ATD) syste
12、m of the meteorological aids services operating in the frequency range below 20 kHz. 2 Introduction This ITU-R Report characterizes the technical properties and operational characteristics of the ATD system operating in the meteorological aids service in the frequency range below 20 kHz. 3 ATD netwo
13、rk basics The purpose of this section is to address the use by the meteorological aids services of frequencies below 20 kHz. Long-range lightning detection using observations near 10 kHz has been performed since 1939, originally with a very manpower-intensive system measuring the direction from whic
14、h signals were received, but since 1987 detection has been carried out with an automated Arrival time difference system (ATD) using the time differences of signals received to derive strike locations. The ATD system utilizes a network of “detector” out-stations to monitor spectral emissions of cloud
15、 to ground lightning strikes centred between about 5 and 20 kHz. At these frequencies the sky waves, reflected off the ionosphere, propagate for very large distances with relatively little attenuation and are preceded by a ground wave at shorter ranges. Thus, it is possible to receive the emissions
16、from the cloud to ground strokes at thousands of kilometres from the stroke location. A distributed network of ground based sensors can locate the origin of the lightning stroke, using the time differences between the arrivals of the lightning emission at the individual sensor sites. At June 2010, t
17、he network comprised 11 sensors distributed across Europe from Iceland to Cyprus, operating in collaboration with Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Portugal and Switzerland. The network configuration is shown in Fig. 1. A further sensor has been placed in La Reunion (in the Indian Ocean to
18、 the east of Madagascar) to evaluate improvements in location for Africa, but this is not yet processed as part of the operational system. In the immediate future new sensors are to be installed in Croatia, at some sites in Africa, South America, the Middle East and in western Asia, and in the long
19、term there should be opportunities to extend the system to provide global coverage. This and other intended sensor locations are shown in Fig. 2. Rep. ITU-R RS.2184 3 FIGURE 1 The current ATD system sensor network 30W 30E15W 0 15E30N40N50N60N70NKeflavikLerwickValentiaCamborneGibraltarAzoresExeterNor
20、derneyHelsinkiAkrotiriPayerneFIGURE 2 New and proposed locations of ATD system 20W 60E60W 20E40S20S020N40N100100W60N80NPossible ATDNET sensor locations in 2011,superimposed on ATDNET Climatology, number of flashes per 1 latitude and longitude box for January 20084 Rep. ITU-R RS.2184 3.1 ATD network
21、service area The ATD network can provide a 24-hour thunderstorm detection service over the areas shown in Fig. 3. The area of coverage is governed by the properties of sferic1propagation, with least loss of sensitivity with distance travelled occurring along sea tracks. In South America, Central Ame
22、rica the Caribbean and North and West Africa the system provides useful thunderstorm detection throughout the day. South Africa is well outside of the Service Area covered throughout the day, but work is under way in extending the ATD service area to cover the whole of Africa. FIGURE 3 ATD system ne
23、twork coverage 20W 100E60W 20E40S20S020N40N100W60N80N60EOctober 2007Dashed line October, November, December 2007Solid line, June, July, August 2007Estimated area of useful detection for ATDNET compared to LIS satellite climatologysuperimposed on ATDNET lightning climatology for October 20073.2 ATD n
24、etwork detection output data The typical output from the system is illustrated in Fig. 4, where the lightning locations have been detected at a time of year when there are few thunderstorms in Europe, with intense activity in Central Africa, the Caribbean and parts of South America. 1Sferic: A light
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