GEIA HEB1-A-2005 Human Engineering - Principles and Practices《人类工程-原则和实践》.pdf
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1、GEIA ENGINEERING BULLETIN Human Engineering - Principles and Practices HEBl-A December 2005 GOVERNMENT ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION R3,b A5 A Sector of the Electronzc Industries Allzanc Copyright Government Electronics * achieve required effectiveness of human performance durin
2、g system operation, maintenance, support, control, and transport; * make economical demands upon personnel resources, skills, training, and costs; and * improve human performance to maximize system performance. * effect safe, efficient life support, escape, search and recovery of personnel. The HE e
3、ffort should include, but not necessarily be limited to, active participation in the following three major interrelated areas of system development. 2.1.1 Analysis Starting with a mission analysis developed from a baseline concept of operations and operational scenario, the functions that must be pe
4、rformed by the system in achieving its mission objectives should be identified and described. These functions should be analyzed to determine their best allocation to personnel, hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Allocated functions should be further dissected to define the specific tasks
5、that must be performed to accomplish the functions. Each task should be analyzed to determine the human performance parameters; the system, equipment, and software capabilities; and the tactical/environmental conditions under which the tasks will be conducted. Task parameters should be quantified wh
6、ere possible, and should be expressed in a form that permits effectiveness studies of the human-system interfaces in relation to the total system operation. HE high-risk areas should be identified as part of the analysis. Analyses should be updated as required to remain current with the design effor
7、t. 1 Copyright Government Electronics quantify such risks and their impacts on cost, schedule, and performance; evaluate and define the sensitivity of such risks to HE design; identify alternative solutions to moderate- and high-risk HE problems and define the associated risks of each alternative; t
8、ake actions to avoid, minimize, control, or accept each HE risk. 2 Copyright Government Electronics and ensure that human performance/design risk is an element of management awareness/control specification requirements. 2.4 Reviews 2.4.1 Major technical reviews HE practitioners should participate in
9、 the major technical reviews, as applicable to the acquisition phases indicated, which include: * Analysis of Alternatives * System Requirements Review * System Design Review * Preliminary Design Review (PDR) * Critical Design Review (CDR) * System Verification Review HE practitioners should also pa
10、rticipate in other important technical activities that further HE efforts (e.g., mission analysis, and test and evaluation planning). 2.4.2 Subsystem reviews HE practitioners should also participate in subsystem reviews, including, where applicable, software specification, test readiness, and functi
11、onal reviews (e.g., support, training, systems engineering, test, and manufacturing reviews). 2.5 Cognizance and coordination The HE program should be integrated into the total system program. In particular, HE should be coordinated with systems engineering, software engineering, RAM (reliability, a
12、vailability, and maintainability), system safety, survivability/vulnerability, facilities engineering, Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) and Logistics Support Analysis (LSA), and other HE-related functions, including biomedical, life support, personnel survivability, habitability, personnel, and tra
13、ining functions. (See International Standards Organization (ISO) 13407 5 for information on a human-centered design process for interactive systems). HE data should be provided for incorporation into Logistic Management Information (LMI). The HE effort should utilize the LMI reports as source data w
14、here possible. The HE portion of any analysis, design, or T equipment procedures; and skill, training, and communication requirements; and as inputs to Logistics Support Analysis, as applicable. All analyses of tasks should use the task taxonomy expressed in MIL- HDBK-1908 6. 3.1.3.1 Analysis of tas
15、ks Analyses of tasks should be conducted and should provide one of the bases for making conceptual design decisions. For example, task analyses should be considered in determining, before hardware fabrication, whether system performance and maintenance requirements can be met by the combination of a
16、nticipated hardware, software, and personnel, and in ensuring that human performance requirements do not exceed human capabilities. Time requirements for tasks should be evaluated for task duration versus time availability, task sequencing, and task simultaneity. Task requirements should be evaluate
17、d, as applicable, for accuracy, precision, completeness, and the effects of task feedback and error tolerance/error recovery on performance. These analyses should also consider effects of sustained/continuous operations on human performance. Tasks identified during HE analyses that require performan
18、ce of critical tasks, reflect possible unsafe practices, or show the potential for improvements in operating efficiency should be further analyzed for redesign. 3.1.3.2 Analysis of critical tasks Further analysis of critical tasks should identify the: * * information available to operatodmaintainer,
19、 * evaluation process, * decision reached after evaluation, * action taken, * body movements required by the action taken, * workspace envelope required by the action taken, * workspace available, * location and condition of the work environment, information required by the operatodmaintainer, inclu
20、ding cues for task initiation, 6 Copyright Government Electronics this notification should include the estimated effect on the system if the problem is not resolved. To avoid duplication of effort, the applicability and utility of existing HE and other relevant data bases (e.g., general literature,
21、research reports, and study reports) should be determined before initiating major efforts. For guidance on HE T finger, hand, arm, foot, leg, and other access and reach; visual field; and strength. Computer models should not be used for compliance testing of human performance and HE design. When use
22、d for predictive purposes, such models should produce accurate and empirically repeatable, valid outputs. Computer models, simulations, rapid prototyping outputs, and CAD/CAM designs and analyses should be accessible to the customer and should, as applicable, be available during technical meetings a
23、nd design reviews to facilitate concurrent engineering. 3.2.2.2 Three-dimensional mockups At the earliest practical point in the development program and well before fabrication of system prototypes, full-scale three-dimensional mockups of equipment involving critical human performance should be cons
24、tructed. The mockups should be constructed sufficiently early to ensure that results of HE evaluations can influence design. The mockups should be no more elaborate or expensive than is essential to represent those aspects of the human-system interface to be evaluated. These mockups should provide a
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