BS ISO 7503-1-2016 Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination General principles《放射性的测量 表面污染的测量和评价 通用原则》.pdf

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1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 7503-1:2016Measurement of radioactivity Measurement andevaluation of surfacecontaminationPart 1: General principlesBS ISO 7503-1:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7503-1:2016. The UK participation in its prepar

2、ation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for

3、its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 81285 9 ICS 13.280 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy an

4、d Strategy Committee on 29 February 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 7503-1:2016 ISO 2016Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 1: General principlesMesurage de la radioactivit Mesurage et valuation d

5、e la contamination de surface Partie 1: Principes gnrauxINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO7503-1Second edition2016-01-15Reference numberISO 7503-1:2016(E)BS ISO 7503-1:2016ISO 7503-1:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unle

6、ss otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the a

7、ddress below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 7503-1:2016ISO 7503-1:2016(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative r

8、eferences 13 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 23.1 Terms and definitions . 23.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 34 Objectives of surface contamination measurements . 44.1 General . 44.2 National and international regulations 44.3 Definition of the measuring programme 45 Direct and i

9、ndirect methods of assessing surface contamination 55.1 General . 55.2 Direct method 65.3 Indirect method (wipe tests) 65.4 Wipe test uncertainties 66 Radionuclide identification and spectral analysis 67 Monitoring instruments . 77.1 Selection of monitors . 77.2 Introduction to the calibration of su

10、rface contamination instruments for direct measurement . 77.3 Tests before first use (TBFU) 87.4 Periodic calibration . 97.5 Function check 98 Estimation of surface contamination monitor response and calibration factors. 98.1 General . 98.2 Relationship between surface emission rate and activity 109

11、 Evaluation of measurement data1210 Uncertainties .1210.1 General 1210.2 Assessment of uncertainty in the calibration factor 1210.3 Assessment of uncertainty in the measurement 1310.4 Wipe test uncertainties . 1411 Test report for a surface contamination instrument .14Annex A (informative) Calibrati

12、on of surface contamination instruments 16Annex B (informative) Example of surface contamination estimation21Annex C (informative) Calibration of dose rate measuring instruments 23Bibliography .25 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 7503-1:2016ISO 7503-1:2016(E)ForewordISO (the Inter

13、national Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has

14、been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical st

15、andardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accor

16、dance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details

17、 of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endor

18、sement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee respons

19、ible for this document is ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy nuclear technologies and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiation protection.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7503-1:1988), which has been technically revised.ISO 7503 consists of the following parts, und

20、er the general title Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Test method using wipe-test samples Part 3: Apparatus calibrationiv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7503-1:2016ISO 7503-1:2016(E)IntroductionISO 7503 gives gui

21、dance on the measurement of surface contamination. This International Standard is applicable to many situations where radioactive contamination can occur. Contamination arises from the release of radioactivity into the local environment. In most circumstances, the release is inadvertent but, on occa

22、sion, may be deliberate. Although the purpose and scope of the investigation may differ, the approaches taken to measure the levels and extent of the contamination are essentially similar.Radioactive contamination can arise from a number of activities or events such as the following: routine laborat

23、ory use of radio-chemicals; medical treatments; industrial applications; transport accidents; equipment malfunctions; malevolent incidents; nuclear accidents.Without process knowledge or documentation, it is not always possible to identify or distinguish the different radionuclides constituting a su

24、rface contamination, and the evaluation of such a contamination cannot be made on a quantitative basis. Instead of using instruments with nuclide specific calibrations, it may be necessary to use other instruments which are fit for such a purpose.However, there may be cases (e.g. a contaminated fuel

25、 material transport container) where the radionuclide or the radionuclide mixture can be clearly characterized. A surface contamination evaluation exceeding a pure qualitative assessment of fixed and removable surface contamination may then be needed. Moreover, following requirements laid down in na

26、tional regulations and in international conventions, a measured surface contamination activity per unit area has to be compared with surface contamination guideline values or surface contamination limits.Surface contamination guideline values are radionuclide-specific and thus require complex radion

27、uclide-specific calibrations of measurement equipment. Calibration quality assurance is crucial in order to avoid non-detection (i.e. type II decision errors) leading to incorrectly assuming compliance with given surface contamination guideline values or limits. Evaluation of surfaces contaminated b

28、y a mixture of radionuclides with known ratios requires respectively proportionated calibration factors.ISO 7503 is concerned with the measurement and estimation of radioactivity levels. It does not provide advice on decommissioning, planning and surveillance techniques.Surface contamination is spec

29、ified in terms of activity per unit area and the limits are based on the recommendations by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 103).This part of ISO 7503 deals with the evaluation of surface contamination by direct measurement using a surface contamination instrument, and

30、in the case of the indirect method, using wipe tests. This part of ISO 7503 is primarily concerned with direct monitoring, practical guidance on measurements, it describes principles to keep an instrument in a fitness-for-purpose state. This part of ISO 7503 also presents instrument calibration prin

31、ciples and compiles the basic uncertainties of both surface contamination evaluation methods. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 7503-1:2016BS ISO 7503-1:2016Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 1: General principles1 ScopeISO 7503 (all parts) and I

32、SO 8769 are addressed to the people responsible for determining the radioactivity present on solid surfaces. ISO 7503 is published in three parts and can be used jointly or separately according to needs.This part of ISO 7503 relates to the assessment of surface contamination by direct and indirect m

33、easurements and the calibration of the associated instrumentation.The standard applies to alpha-, beta- and photon emitters and is intended for use by hospitals, universities, police, or industrial establishments. The standard also can be used in the assessment of activity on trucks, containers, par

34、cels, equipment and is applicable in any organization which handles radioactive materials. Generally, it is applicable to well defined flat surfaces where direct methods are applicable, however, it can also be used for surfaces which are not flat and where indirect wipe tests would be appropriate. T

35、hese investigations may be carried out on containers, inaccessible areas, non-flat areas where wipe tests can be used. This part of ISO 7503 may be useful in emergency situations, i.e. in nuclear accidents where health physics professionals would be involved.This part of ISO 7503 does not apply to t

36、he evaluation of contamination of the skin, of clothing and of loose material such as gravel.NOTE The test method using wipe-test samples for the evaluation of radioactive surface contaminations is dealt with in ISO 7503-2. The calibration of instruments for the evaluation of radioactive surface con

37、taminations is dealt with in ISO 7503-3.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the r

38、eferenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 8769, Reference sources Calibration of surface contamination monitors Alpha-, beta- and photon emittersISO 11929, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit, and limits of the confidence interval) for meas

39、urements of ionizing radiation Fundamentals and applicationISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7503-1:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 7503-1:2016ISO 7503-1:2016(E)3 Terms and definitions, symbols and ab

40、breviations3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1.1activity per unit arearatio between the activity of the radionuclides present on a surface and the area of that surface, expressed in becquerels per square centimetre3.1.2surface con

41、taminationradioactive substances deposited on defined surfaces3.1.3fixed surface contaminationsurface contamination which cannot be removed or transferred by non-destructive means3.1.4removable surface contaminationradioactive material that can be removed from surfaces by non-destructive means, incl

42、uding casual contact, wiping, or washingNote 1 to entry: It should be noted that under the influence of moisture, chemicals, etc., or as a result of corrosion or diffusion, fixed contamination may become removable or vice versa without any human action. Furthermore, surface contaminations may decrea

43、se due to evaporation and volatilization.Note 2 to entry: It should be emphasized that the ratio between fixed and removable contamination can vary over time, and that some decisions, such as those related to clearance, should be based on total activity with the potential to become removable over ti

44、me, not just the amount that is removable at the time of a survey.3.1.5direct measurement of surface contaminationmeasurement of surface contamination by means of a contamination meter or monitor3.1.6indirect evaluation of surface contaminationevaluation of the removable surface contamination by mea

45、ns of a wipe test3.1.7wipe testtest to determine if removable contamination is present through wiping the surface with a dry or wet material, followed by evaluation of the wipe material for removable contamination3.1.8wiping efficiencyratio of the activity of the radionuclides removed from the surfa

46、ce by one wipe sample to the activity of the radionuclides of the removable surface contamination prior to this samplingNote 1 to entry: In practice, it is almost impossible to measure the total amount of removable activity on the surface, and in most cases, a value for the wiping efficiency cannot

47、be assessed but can only be estimated.3.1.9surface emission rate of a sourcenumber of particles of a given type above a given energy or of photons emerging from the front face of the source per unit time2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7503-1:2016ISO 7503-1:2016(E)3.1.10instrument efficiencyrati

48、o between the instrument net reading and the surface emission rate of a source under given geometrical conditions3.1.11emission instrument responseinstrument efficiency times detector window area, equals the observed net count rate per surface emission rate per unit area of a calibration source3.1.1

49、2activity instrument responseinstrument efficiency times detector window area times the probability of a particle or photon leaving the source surface, equals the observed net count rate per Bq per unit area of a calibration source3.1.13emission calibration factorreciprocal of instrument efficiency times window area3.1.14activity calibration factorreciprocal of instrument efficiency times window area times probability of a particle leaving the source surface3.1.15calibrationoperation that, under specified conditions, in a first step,